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* | ** | *** | **** | Showing 554 examples. Read an article about the uncatalogued. | ~ year |
In writing, there are three types of irony — verbal, situational, and dramatic.
Verbal irony is when a person says one thing but means the opposite;
Situational irony is when the opposite of what is expected happens; and.
Dramatic irony is when the audience knows something that characters do not." #1158 ❤️Marcus Petz ![]() |
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Northrop Frye romance, tragedy, comedy, satire Wikipedia: Anatomy of Criticism #1157 ❤️Andrew Pashea ![]() |
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Allah, the Father of the Universe, The Father of Love, Truth, Peace, Freedom and Justice,, Allah is my Protector My Guide and my Salvation. By Night and by Day., Thru His Holy Prophet, Drew Ali. Amen., Moorish American Prayer #1155 ![]() |
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Gödel's incompleteness theorems
The first incompleteness theorem states that no consistent system of axioms whose theorems can be listed by an effective procedure (i.e. an algorithm) is capable of proving all truths about the arithmetic of natural numbers. For any such consistent formal system, there will always be statements about natural numbers that are true, but that are unprovable within the system.
The second incompleteness theorem, an extension of the first, shows that the system cannot demonstrate its own consistency.
Employing a diagonal argument, Gödel's incompleteness theorems were the first of several closely related theorems on the limitations of formal systems. They were followed by Tarski's undefinability theorem on the formal undefinability of truth, Church's proof that Hilbert's Entscheidungsproblem is unsolvable, and Turing's theorem that there is no algorithm to solve the halting problem.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%B6del%27s_incompleteness_theorems #1154 ❤️Marcus Petz ![]() |
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Five essential properties of experience: intrinsic, specific, unitary, definite, structured. Giulio Tononi: Consciousness as structure: a perspective from IIT 4.0 8:57 #1151 ![]() |
2025 | |||||
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MzXXC4MZZnY
Theory
Autonomy, Mastery, Purpose
Daniel Pink is one of the world's leading business thinkers and the author of five best-selling books about work, management, and behavioural science.
Pink's 2009 talk on The Puzzle of Motivation is one of the 10 most-watched TED Talks of all time.
Watch his Autonomy, Mastery and Purpose video in which Pink describes what motivates us to work and states how, for non-trivial tasks, higher monetary incentives tend to lead to worse performance. #1150 ❤️Marcus Petz ![]() |
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Four_stages_of_competence
In psychology, the four stages of competence, or the "conscious competence" learning model, relates to the psychological states involved in the process of progressing from incompetence to competence in a skill. People may have several skills, some unrelated to each other, and each skill will typically be at one of the stages at a given time. Many skills require practice to remain at a high level of competence.
The four stages suggest that individuals are initially unaware of how little they know, or unconscious of their incompetence. As they recognize their incompetence, they consciously acquire a skill, then consciously use it. Eventually, the skill can be utilized without it being consciously thought through: the individual is said to have then acquired unconscious competence.[1] #1148 ❤️Marcus Petz ![]() |
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Commusings: Guardians or Foes? A Tale of Dragons Across Cultures by Mimi Kuo-Deemer
Dear Marcus,
Today’s essay is about dragons. In full disclosure, my personal experience with dragons is limited to puffing the magic one. That said, in reading Mimi’s essay on how the depiction of dragons diverge between Eastern and Western culture, I immediately thought of “Thou Shalt.” This was the peculiar name of Friedrich Nietzsche’s dragon in his philosophical tome, Thus Spoke Zarathustra.
The German philosopher often leveraged these fire-breathing creatures to symbolize the oppressive forces, societal norms and religious dogmas that individuals must overcome to achieve true self-realization.
One of Nietzsche’s most celebrated references to dragons appears in the concept of “The Three Metamorphoses,” where the nihilist describes three stages of spiritual transformation:
The Camel: Representing burden-bearing, where an individual unquestioningly carries the weight of societal and religious expectations.
The Lion: Reflecting the spirit of rebellion, where one fights against imposed values and seeks freedom.
The Child: Characterizing a state of radical creativity and new beginnings, embodying true self-overcoming.
During the Lion stage, Nietzsche describes a great dragon named "Thou Shalt" which represents the oppressive moral values imposed by tradition, religion, and authority. The dragon is covered in golden scales, each inscribed with a commandment of society—rules that dictate what is "right" and "wrong."
To move beyond this stage, the Lion must slay the dragon by declaring "I Will!", symbolizing the assertion of personal will and autonomy over imposed values.
Nietzsche’s use of the dragon metaphor is tied to his broader philosophy of self-overcoming. The dragon is a symbol of fear, control, and mental barriers, and only by defeating it can an individual achieve true freedom and self-actualization.
Today’s essayist, the Qigong teacher Mimi Kuo-Deemer, describes a very different depiction of the dragon as portrayed in Eastern mythology. Of course, the West and the East often clash in terms of how they interpret the natural world. In the West, we are taught to see nature as separate and hostile – something to be subdued and sublimated. The East understands humans as nature, mutually arising as part of it. #1147 ❤️Marcus Petz ![]() |
2025 | |||||
Simon describes a number of dimensions along which classical models of rationality can be made somewhat more realistic, while remaining within the vein of fairly rigorous formalization. These include:
limiting the types of utility functions
recognizing the costs of gathering and processing information
the possibility of having a vector or multi-valued utility function
Simon suggests that economic agents use heuristics to make decisions rather than a strict rigid rule of optimization.
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bounded_rationality
#1144 ![]() |
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Prospect theory stems from loss aversion, where the observation is that agents asymmetrically feel losses greater than that of an equivalent gain. It centralises around the idea that people conclude their utility from "gains" and "losses" relative to a certain reference point. This "reference point" is different for each person and relative to their individual situation. Thus, rather than making decisions like a rational agent (i.e using expected utility theory and choosing the maximum value), decisions are made in relativity not in absolutes.
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prospect_theory #1143 ![]() |
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The book describes two systems that characterize human thinking, which Sunstein and Thaler refer to as the "Reflective System" and the "Automatic System".[13] These two systems are more thoroughly defined in Daniel Kahneman's book Thinking, Fast and Slow.
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nudge_(book) #1142 ![]() |
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The term "economic man" was used for the first time in the late nineteenth century by critics of John Stuart Mill's work on political economy.[3] Below is a passage from Mill's work that critics referred to:
[Political economy] does not treat the whole of man's nature as modified by the social state, nor of the whole conduct of man in society. It is concerned with him solely as a being who desires to possess wealth, and who is capable of judging the comparative efficacy of means for obtaining that end.[4]
Later in the same work, Mill stated that he was proposing "an arbitrary definition of man, as a being who inevitably does that by which he may obtain the greatest amount of necessaries, conveniences, and luxuries, with the smallest quantity of labour and physical self-denial with which they can be obtained."
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homo_economicus #1141 ![]() |
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Hemp seeds discovered by archaeologists at Pazyryk suggest early ceremonial practices by the Scythians occurred during the 5th to 2nd century BCE, confirming previous historical reports by Herodotus. Wikipedia: Entheogen #1136 ![]() |
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Touretzky, David S., Derthick, Mark A. Symbol Structures in Connectionist Networks: Five Properties and Two Architectures. (1987) #1130 ![]() |
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Self-reflection, sensing and inquiry, holistic sense-making, responsible co-creation, regeneration and emergence. Our approach to relational design is non-linear. There is no distinct separation between each phase. While they occur in some order, they also occur throughout. Self awareness, sensing, and sensemaking are woven throughout the process. Relational Design is an emergent process that is steeped in care, relational responsibility, and consensual collaboration. We root our purpose in restoration and regeneration - creating a more habitable, healthier and joyful future for generations to come. Sabrina Meherally, sahibzada mayed Pause + Effect. Relational Design. #1129 ❤️Marcus Petz ![]() |
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Some mathematicians are birds, others
are frogs. Birds fly high in the air and
survey broad vistas of mathematics out
to the far horizon. They delight in con-
cepts that unify our thinking and bring
together diverse problems from different parts of
the landscape. Frogs live in the mud below and see
only the flowers that grow nearby. They delight
in the details of particular objects, and they solve
problems one at a time.
Freeman Dyson. Birds and frogs. https://www.ams.org/notices/200902/rtx090200212p.pdf #1128 ![]() |
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Buckminster Fuller 251.021 Synergetics adds four additional topological aspects to Euler's three cosmically unique aspects of vertexes, faces, and edges. Synergetics adds (1) angles, (2) irrelevant untuned insideness and outsideness, (3) convexity and concavity, and (4) axis of spin, making a total of seven topological aspects (see Sec. 1044.00); synergetics has also recognized the addition of frequency as being always physically manifest in every special case. https://monoskop.org/images/4/46/Fuller_R_Buckminster_Synergetics_1997.pdf #1126 ![]() |
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Buckminster Fuller 251.02 The addition of angle and frequency to Euler’s inventory of crossings, areas, and lines as absolute characteristics of all pattern cognizance. https://monoskop.org/images/4/46/Fuller_R_Buckminster_Synergetics_1997.pdf #1125 ![]() |
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251.01 The ability to identify all experience in terms of only angle and frequency. https://monoskop.org/images/4/46/Fuller_R_Buckminster_Synergetics_1997.pdf #1124 ![]() |
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537.06 Four Sets of Actions, Reactions, and Resultants: Nature always
employs only the most economical intertransformative and omnicosmic
interrelatedness behavioral stratagems. With each and every event in Universe-no
matter how frequently recurrent- there are always 12 unique, equieconomical,
omnidirectionally operative, alternate-action options, which 12 occur as four sets
of three always interdependent and concurrent actions, reactions, and resultants.
This is to say that with each high frequency of recurring turns to play of each and
all systems there are six moves that can be made in 12 optional directions. https://monoskop.org/images/4/46/Fuller_R_Buckminster_Synergetics_1997.pdf #1123 ![]() |
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537.15 A basic event consists of three vectorial lines: the action, the reaction,
and the resultant. This is the fundamental tripartite component of Universe. One
positive and one negative event together make one tetrahedron, or one quantum.
The number of vectors (or force lines) cohering each and every subsystem of
Universe is always a number subdivisible by six, i.e., consisting of one positive
and one negative event on each of three vectors, which adds up to six. This holds
true topologically in all abstract patterning in Universe as well as in fundamental
physics. The six vectors represent the fundamental six, and only six, degrees of
freedom in Universe. Each of these six, however, has a positive and a negative
direction, and we can therefore speak of a total of 12 degrees of freedom. These
12 degrees of freedom can be conceptually visua!ized as the radial lines
connecting the centers of gravity of the 12 spheres, closest packed around one
sphere, to the center of gravity of that central sphere. The 12 degrees of freedom
are also identified by the push- pull alternative directions of the tetrahedron's six
edges. https://monoskop.org/images/4/46/Fuller_R_Buckminster_Synergetics_1997.pdf #1121 ![]() |
1979 | |||||
223.08 A pebble dropped into water precessionally produces waves that move
both outwardly from the circle's center__i.e., circumferentially of the Earth
sphere__and reprecessionally outwardly and inwardly from the center of the
Earth__i.e., radially in respect to the Earth sphere. Altogether, this
interregeneratively demonstrates (1) the twoness of local precessional system
effects at 90 degrees, and (2) the Universe-cohering gravitational effects at 180
degrees. These are the two kinds of interacting forces constituting the regenerative
structural integrity of both subsystem local twonesses and nonunitarily conceptual
Scenario Universe. The four cosmically complementary twonesses and the four
local system twonesses altogether eternally regenerate the scientific generalization
known as complementarity. Complementarity is sum-totally eightfoldedly
operative: four definitive local system complementations and four cosmically
synergetic finitive accountabilities. https://monoskop.org/images/4/46/Fuller_R_Buckminster_Synergetics_1997.pdf #1120 ![]() |
1979 | |||||
223.07 There is a fourfold twoness: one of the exterior, cosmic, finite
(“nothingness”) tetrahedron__i.e., the macrocosm outwardly complementing all
(“something”) systems__and one of the interior microcosmic tetrahedron of
nothingness complementing all conceptually thinkable and cosmically isolatable
"something" systems. https://monoskop.org/images/4/46/Fuller_R_Buckminster_Synergetics_1997.pdf #1119 ![]() |
1975 | |||||
223.06 There are four kinds of positive and negative:
(1) the eternal, equilibrium-disturbing plurality of differentially unique, only-
positively-and-negatively-balanced aberratings;
(2) the north and south poles;(3) the concave and convex; and
(4) the inside (microcosm) and outside (macrocosm), always cosmically
complementing the local system's inside-concave and outside-convex limits. https://monoskop.org/images/4/46/Fuller_R_Buckminster_Synergetics_1997.pdf #1118 ![]() |
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223.05 Two Kinds of Twoness: There are two kinds of twoness:
(1) the numerical, or morphationally unbalanced twoness; and
(2) the balanced twoness.
The vector equilibrium is the central symmetry through which both balanced and
unbalanced asymmetries pulsatingly and complexedly intercompensate and
synchronize. The vector equilibrium's frequency modulatability accommodates
the numerically differentiated twonesses. https://monoskop.org/images/4/46/Fuller_R_Buckminster_Synergetics_1997.pdf #1117 ![]() |
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The ancient Egyptians postulated seven souls. • Top soul, and the first to leave at the moment of death, is Ren the Secret name. This corresponds to my Director. He directs the film of your life from conception to death. The Secret Name is the title of your film. When you die, that's where Ren came in. • Second soul, and second one off the sinking ship, is Sekem: Energy, Power. Light. The Director gives the orders, Sekem presses the right buttons. • Number three is Khu, the Guardian Angel. He, she or it is third man out...depicted as flying away across a full moon, a bird with luminous wings and head of light. sort of thing you might see on a screen in an Indian restaurant in Panama. The Khu is responsible for the subject and can be injured in his defense - but not permanently, since the first three souls are eternal. They go back to Heaven for another vessel. The four remaining souls must take their chances with the subject in the land of the dead. • Number four is Ba, the Heart, often treacherous. This is a hawk's body with your face on it, shrunk down to the size of a fist. Many a hero has been brought down, like Samson, by a perfidious Ba. • Number five is Ka, the double, most closely associated with the subject. The Ka, which usually reaches adolescence at the time of bodily death, is the only reliable guide through the Land of the Dead to the Western Lands. • Number six is Khaibit, the Shadow, Memory, your whole past conditioning from this and other lives. • Number seven is Sekhu, the Remains. William S. Burroughs. The Western Lands. Wikipedia: The Western Lands #1116 ❤️MarcusPetz ![]() |
1987 | |||||
521.06 A vector has two vertexes with angles around each of its vertexial ends
equal to 0 degrees. Every vector is reversible, having its negative alternate. For
every point in Universe, there are six uniquely and exclusively operative vectors.
(See Sec. 537, Twelve Universal Degrees of Freedom.)
521.07 Every event is six-vectored. There are six vectors or none. https://monoskop.org/images/4/46/Fuller_R_Buckminster_Synergetics_1997.pdf #1115 ![]() |
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In these days the angel of topology and the devil of abstract algebra fight for the soul of each individual mathematical domain.
—Weyl (1939b, p. 500)
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermann_Weyl #1113 ![]() |
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Whenever you have to do with a structure-endowed entity S try to determine its group of automorphisms, the group of those element-wise transformations which leave all structural relations undisturbed. You can expect to gain a deep insight into the constitution of S in this way.
—Symmetry Princeton Univ. Press, p144; 1952
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermann_Weyl
#1112 ![]() |
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The fundamental primary partzufim and the sefirot they develop from are: Ancient of Days, supreme "earliest/oldest" inner dimension of Keter Will from Ein Sof) Arich Anpin - "Long Face/Extending Patience", infinitely extending downwards source of divine compassion in Keter Will Abba - "Father", Chokmah illumination of Wisdom insight, root of intellect on the "right" of the sefirot (Revelation) Imma - "Mother", Binah intellectual Understanding nurturing pregnant emotions, on the "left" side of the sefirot (Internalisation) Zeir Anpin - "Small Face/Short Patience", Son, 6 sefirot emotions that shattered, born from Imma on "left" side (Judgement) Nukvah - "Female" of Zeir Anpin, Daughter, Malkuth reign in Feminine Shekhinah, born from Zeir Anpin on "left", man reunites Wikipedia: Partzufim #1110 ![]() |
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The ten sefirot develop into five or six primary partzufim, which further develop into pairs of Male and Female secondary partzufim. The male principle in Kabbalah metaphorically denotes outward/emanator/giver, and the female principle denotes inward/receiver/nurturer, similar to the female process of pregnancy to nurture subsequent emanation. Wikipedia: Partzufim #1109 ![]() |
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Sefirot (literally 'sphere') meaning emanations, are the 10 attributes/emanations in Kabbalah, through which Ein Sof ("infinite space") reveals itself and continuously creates both the physical realm and the seder hishtalshelut (the chained descent of the metaphysical Four Worlds). ten different channels through which the one God reveals His will Wikipedia: Sefirot #1107 ![]() |
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For the rationalist Keynes (Cambridge School), we want money
for three reasons (e.g. General Theory, 1936): - for conducting transactions (”common currency for
achieving personal and professional exchanges”), in everyday life, and then - for safety (necessity to store
money waiting for a need), and finally- for reasons of speculation (”profit, better than the market, of a
good know/edge or vision of what the future holds”) https://www.e-c-o.net/wiki/uploads/Jean-PierreCaron-WhatIsMoney.pdf #1104 ![]() |
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For example, Lessem and Schieffer, of the Trans4m Center for Integral
Development in Switzerland, explore their framing in the Transformation and
Innovation Series books (Lessem & Schieffer, 2021). In their approach, they link to
different areas of the world and integrate them into approaches on themes, e.g.:
Marko Pogačnik’s (6) integral starting point, as a Slovenian sacred geographer and
conceptual artist, whose unique craft takes him around the world, is the four elements
that traditionally compose the fabric of life on earth…: • the material (earth element), embodying the ecological; • the spiritual (air element), representing the cultural; • the emotional (water element) reflecting the social; • and the vital-energetic (fire element), depicting the economic Lessem et al., 2016 https://jyx.jyu.fi/bitstream/handle/123456789/88586/978-951-39-9710-6_vaitos01092023.pdf #1103 ![]() |
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Michael Gelb The Seven Da Vincian Principles are: Curiosita - An insatiably curious approach to life and an unrelenting quest for continuous learning. Dimostrazione - A commitment to test knowledge through experience, persistence, and a willingness to learn from mistakes. Sensazione - The continual refinement of the senses, especially sight, as the means to enliven experience. Sfumato (literally "Going up in smoke") - A willingness to embrace ambiguity, paradox, and uncertainty. Arte/Scienza - The development of the balance between science and art, logic and imagination. "Whole-brain" thinking. Corporalita - The cultivation of grace, ambidexterity, fitness and poise. Connessione - A recognition and appreciation for the interconnectedness of all things and phenomena. Systems thinking. Michael Gelb. How to Think Like Leonardo da Vinci: Seven Steps to Genius Every Day. #1101 ![]() |
1998 | |||||
Rudolf Steiner Man experiences within himself what we may call thought, and in thought he can feel himself directly active, able to exercise his activity. When we observe anything external, e.g. a rose or a stone, and picture it to ourselves, someone may rightly say: “You can never know how much of the stone or the rose you have really got hold of when you imagine it. You see the rose, its external red colour, its form, and how it is divided into single petals; you see the stone with its colour, with its several corners, but you must always say to yourself that hidden within it there may be something else which does not appear to you externally. You do not know how much of the rose or of the stone your mental picture of it embraces.” But when someone has a thought, then it is he himself who makes the thought. One might say that he is within every fiber of his thought, a complete participator in its activity. He knows: “Everything that is in the thought I have thought into it, and what I have not thought into it cannot be within it. I survey the thought. Nobody can say, when I set a thought before my mind, that there may still be something more in the thought, as there may be in the rose and in the stone, for I have myself engendered the thought and am present in it, and so I know what is in it.” In truth, thought is most completely our possession. If we can find the relation of thought to the Cosmos, to the Universe, we shall find the relation to the Cosmos of what is most completely ours. This can assure us that we have here a fruitful standpoint from which to observe the relation of man to the universe. We will therefore embark on this course; it will lead us to significant heights of anthroposophical observation. Rudolf Steiner. Human and Cosmic Thought. Lecture I. #1098 ❤️Dreamcype ![]() |
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12 Principles of 'Seeing' https://ofother.com/essays/seeing #1096 ![]() |
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Plato . . . then, if we are not able to hunt the Good with one idea only, with three we may catch our prey: Beauty, Symmetry, Truth are the three.... --Plato, Philebus from Fuller's Synergetics #1090 ❤️Dreamcype ![]() |
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542.01 This triadic concept is exclusively planar__ergo, nonexistent. What is
inadvertently omitted is the observer of the planar triad, whose observer position
marks the fourth corner of the tetrahedron, the minimum system.
Fig. 542.02
542.02 The observer-plus-the-observed, Beauty, Symmetry, and Truth are the
four unique system-defining characteristics. It is possible that Plato might have
approved a systematic reordering of his statement to read: The observer (as a
truth) observing three other truths constitutes a system whose macro-micro-
Universe-differentiating capability displays inherent symmetry and
beauty__symmetry of four vertexes subtending four faces and symmetry of any
two opposite pairs of its six edges precessionally subtending one another, together
with the beauty of accomplishing such symmetry and Universe- differentiating
with the minimum of structural system interrelationships. (See Fig. 542.02.) https://monoskop.org/images/4/46/Fuller_R_Buckminster_Synergetics_1997.pdf #1089 ❤️Marcus Petz ![]() |
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recursive relevance realization https://www.psychologytoday.com/intl/blog/theory-knowledge/202101/john-vervaeke-s-brilliant-4p3r-metatheory-cognition John Vervaeke, Blake Richards. Relevance Realization and the Emerging Framework in Cognitive Science #1087 ![]() |
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Hermann Heinrich Gossen Gossen evidently held the highest possible opinion of the importance of his own theory, for he commences by claiming honours in economic science equal to those of Copernicus in astronomy. He then at once insists that mathematical treatment, being the only sound one, must be applied throughout ; but, out of consideration for the reader, the higher analysis will be explicitly introduced only when it is requisite to determine maxima and minima. The treatise then opens with the consideration of Economics as the theory of pleasure and pain, that is as the theory of the procedure by which the individual and the aggregate of individuals constituting society, may realise the maximum of pleasure with the minimum of painful effort. The natural law of pleasure is then clearly stated, somewhat as follows:—Increase of the same hind of consumption yields pleasure continuously diminishing up to the point of satiety. This law he illustrates geometrically, and then proceeds to investigate the conditions under which the total pleasure from one or more objects may be raised to a maximum. https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.84904/page/n39/mode/1up?q=Gossen #1085 ❤️Hans-Florian Hoyer ![]() |
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needs have to be satisfied within three contexts: (a) in relation to oneself (Eigenwelt); (b) in relation to the social group (Mitwelt); and (c) with respect to the environment (Umwelt). Wikipedia: Manfred Max-Neef's Fudnamental human needs #1082 ![]() |
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Actor-network Theory
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Actor-network_theory
Developed by science and technology studies (STS) scholars Michel Callon, Madeleine Akrich and Bruno Latour, the sociologist John Law, and others, it can more technically be described as a "material-semiotic" method. This means that it maps relations that are simultaneously material (between things) and semiotic (between concepts). It assumes that many relations are both material and semiotic. The term actor-network theory was coined by John Law in 1992 to describe the work being done across case studies in different areas at the Centre de Sociologie de l'Innovation at the time.
In a workshop called "On Recalling ANT", Latour himself stated that there are four things wrong with actor-network theory: "actor", "network", "theory" and the hyphen.[53] #1081 ❤️Marcus ![]() |
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Goethe
ur-pflanzer = the most basic living plant
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metamorphosis_of_Plants #1078 ❤️Hans-Florian Hoyer ![]() |
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Manfred Max-Neef distinguishes four kinds of existential needs being, having, doing, interacting Wikipedia: Manfred Max-Neef's Fundamental human needs #1076 ![]() |
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542.04 Beauty and symmetry are inherent and make superficially "good" the
three additional interrelationships: thankfulness, maximum economy, and
wisdom. They also make "good" all the remaining cases on balance__the 32 cases
(Sec. 1044) of all the simplest cosmically conceptual and structurally realizable
systems of Universe. https://monoskop.org/images/4/46/Fuller_R_Buckminster_Synergetics_1997.pdf #1075 ❤️Daniel Friedman ![]() |
1979 | |||||
Marr's Three Levels of description.
M1 - Implementational
M2 - Algorithmic
M3 - Computational
https://ppw.kuleuven.be/apps/research/petervanderhelm/doc/marr_levels.html
1.
Computational level
GOAL
Mental representations
2.
Algorithmic level
METHOD
Cognitive processes
3.
Implementational level
MEANS
Neural structures #1074 ❤️Daniel Friedman ![]() |
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This "9+1=10" structure is also found within the Purgatorio and Paradiso. Lower Hell is further subdivided: Circle 7 (Violence) is divided into three rings, Circle 8 (Fraud) is divided into ten bolge, and Circle 9 (Treachery) is divided into four regions. Thus, Hell contains 24 divisions in total. https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inferno_(Dante) #1073 ![]() |
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Virgil reminds Dante (the character) of "Those pages where the Ethics tells of three / Conditions contrary to Heaven's will and rule / Incontinence, vice, and brute bestiality".[24] Cicero, for his part, had divided sins between violence and fraud.[25] By conflating Cicero's violence with Aristotle's bestiality, and his fraud with malice or vice, Dante the poet obtained three major categories of sin, as symbolized by the three beasts that Dante encounters in Canto I: these are Incontinence, Violence/Bestiality, and Fraud/Malice.[22][26] Sinners punished for incontinence (also known as wantonness) – the lustful, the gluttonous, the hoarders and wasters, and the wrathful and sullen – all demonstrated weakness in controlling their appetites, desires, and natural urges; according to Aristotle's Ethics, incontinence is less condemnable than malice or bestiality, and therefore these sinners are located in four circles of Upper Hell (Circles 2–5). These sinners endure lesser torments than do those consigned to Lower Hell, located within the walls of the City of Dis, for committing acts of violence and fraud – the latter of which involves, as Dorothy L. Sayers writes, "abuse of the specifically human faculty of reason".[26] The deeper levels are organised into one circle for violence (Circle 7) and two circles for fraud (Circles 8 and 9). As a Christian, Dante adds Circle 1 (Limbo) to Upper Hell and Circle 6 (Heresy) to Lower Hell, making 9 Circles in total; incorporating the Vestibule of the Futile, this leads to Hell containing 10 main divisions. https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inferno_(Dante) #1072 ![]() |
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He sets out to climb directly up a small mountain, but his way is blocked by three beasts he cannot evade: a lonza[8] (usually rendered as 'leopard' or 'leopon'),[9] a leone[10] (lion), and a lupa[11] (she-wolf). The three beasts, taken from Jeremiah 5:6,[12] are thought to symbolize the three kinds of sin that bring the unrepentant soul into one of the three major divisions of Hell. According to John Ciardi, these are incontinence (the she-wolf); violence and bestiality (the lion); and fraud and malice (the leopard). https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inferno_(Dante) #1071 ![]() |
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In the poem, Hell is depicted as nine concentric circles of torment located within the Earth; it is the "realm [...] of those who have rejected spiritual values by yielding to bestial appetites or violence, or by perverting their human intellect to fraud or malice against their fellowmen". https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inferno_(Dante) #1070 ![]() |
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within the domain of moral theories that assess our choices, deontologists—those who subscribe to deontological theories of morality—stand in opposition to consequentialists. Stanford: Deontological Ethics #1069 ![]() |
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...deontology falls within the domain of moral theories that guide and assess our choices of what we ought to do (deontic theories), in contrast to those that guide and assess what kind of person we are and should be (aretaic [virtue] theories). Stanford: Deontological Ethics #1068 ![]() |
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In contemporary moral philosophy, deontology is one of those kinds of normative theories regarding which choices are morally required, forbidden, or permitted. Stanford: Deontological Ethics #1067 ![]() |
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Juos sukabinus, kolekcininkui gimė mintis, kad, kalbant apie žmogaus santykį su religija ir Dievu, mes turime tris požiūrio taškus.
„Vienas yra, kai tu stovi ir žiūri iš apačios į viršų ir jautiesi menkas, kuklus, dulkė, nugulusi ant grindų. Antras santykis – tu įsivaizduoji, kad esi stiprus, protingas, ir priimi iššūkį, žiūri jam tiesiai į akis. Ir trečias yra, kai tu jau tikrai esi labai egoistiškas, per daug pasitikintis savimi. Ir tu žiūri į jį iš aukšto. Žmogus kartais bando įsivaizduoti, kad jis yra visagalis ar Dievas. Kitaip sakant, tas mano Nukryžiuotųjų sukabinimas nuo keturių metrų iki pat grindų jokiu būdu nėra pašaipa arba pasityčiojimas iš to, bet jis parodo akistatą, kad mes turim tą trijų taškų požiūrį“, – aiškina pašnekovas. Nemira Pumprickaitė. „Absoliučiai niekas“: reti Lietuvos istorijos dokumentai nesudomino nė vienos institucijos. #1060 ![]() |
2025 | |||||
subjective theory of value, labor theory of value
The subjective theory of value (STV) is an economic theory for explaining how the value of goods and services are not only set but also how they can fluctuate over time. The contrasting system is typically known as the labor theory of value.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subjective_theory_of_value #1058 ❤️our group ![]() |
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The subjective theory of value (STV) is an economic theory for explaining how the value of goods and services are not only set but also how they can fluctuate over time. The contrasting system is typically known as the labor theory of value. According to the subjective theory of value, by assuming that all trades between individuals are voluntary, it can be concluded that both parties to the trade subjectively perceive the goods, labour or money they receive, as being of higher value to the goods, labour or money they give away. The theory holds that one can create value simply by trading with someone who values the items higher, without necessarily modifying them. Wealth is understood to refer to individuals' subjective valuation of their possessions, and voluntary trades may increase the total wealth in society.[5] This is because each participant of the voluntary transaction has gained more value than they originally had. The labor theory of value argues that the exchange value of a good or service is determined by the total amount of "socially necessary labor" required to produce it. value refers to the amount of socially necessary labor to produce a marketable commodity; According to Ricardo and Marx, this includes the labor components necessary to develop any real capital (i.e., physical assets used to produce other assets).[4][5] Including these indirect labour components, sometimes described as "dead labour,"[6] provides the "real price," or "natural price" of a commodity. However, Adam Smith's version of labor value does not implicate the role of past labor in the commodity itself or in the tools (capital) required to produce it. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subjective_theory_of_value https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labor_theory_of_value #1057 ![]() |
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mind, matter, word, world Jere Northrop. The Relational Symmetry Paradigm. #1054 ![]() |
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read, write, execute #1053 ![]() |
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proofs_and_Refutations #1052 ![]() |
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It is possible to distinguish between at least three types of anthropocentrism: perceptual anthropocentrism (which "characterizes paradigms informed by sense-data from human sensory organs"); descriptive anthropocentrism (which "characterizes paradigms that begin from, center upon, or are ordered around Homo sapiens / ‘the human'"); and normative anthropocentrism (which "characterizes paradigms that make assumptions or assertions about the superiority of Homo sapiens, its capacities, the primacy of its values, [or] its position in the universe").[3]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthropocentrism #1043 ❤️William Pahl ![]() |
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courage, consistency, community https://www.entrepreneur.com/leadership/the-3-dei-lessons-that-dr-martin-luther-king-jr-can-teach/441314 #1037 ![]() |
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Wikipedia: Diversity, equity, and inclusion https://www.ndnu.edu/history-of-dei-the-evolution-of-diversity-training-programs/ #1036 ![]() |
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It is traditional to distinguish three kinds of "qualities" or "aspects" of things in the Universe which adapt themselves to mathematical reflections. These are (1) Number(**); (2) Magnitude and (3) Form One can also speak of them as the "arithmetical aspect", the "metric aspect" and the "geometric aspect" of things. In most of the situations studied in mathematics, these three aspects are simultaneously present in close interaction. Most often, however, one finds that one or another of them will predominate. It's my impression that for most mathematicians its quite clear to them ( for those at least who are in touch with their own work) if they are "arithmeticians", "analysts", or "geometers", and this remains the case no matter how many chords they have on their violin, or if they have played at every register and diapason imaginable. The year 1955 marked a critical departure in my work in mathematics: that of my passage from "analysis" to "geometry". I well recall the power of my emotional response ( very subjective naturally); it was as if I'd fled the harsh arid steppes to find myself suddenly transported to a kind of "promised land" of superabundant richness, multipying out to infinity wherever I placed my hand in it, either to search or to gather... That is to say that, if there is one thing in Mathematics which ( no doubt this has always been so) fascinates me more than anything else, it is neither "number", nor "magnitude" but above all "form". And. among the thousand and one faces that form chooses in presenting itself to our attention, the one that has fascinated me more than any other, and continues to fascinate me, is the structure buried within mathematical objects. One cannot invent the structure of an object. The most we can do is to patiently bring it to the light of day, with humility - in making it known it is "discovered". If there is some sort of inventiveness in this work, and if it happens that we find ourselves the maker or indefatigable builder, we aren't in any sense "making" or "building" these structures. They hardly waited for us to find them in order to exist, exactly as they are! But it is in order to express, as faithfully as possible, the things that we've been detecting or discovering, to deliver up that reticent structure, which we can only grasp at, perhaps with a language no better than babbling. Thereby are we constantly driven to invent the language most appropriate to express, with increasing refinement, the intimate structure of the mathematical object, and to "construct" with the help of this language, bit by bit, those "theories" which claim to give a fair account of what has been apprehended and seen. And the most beautiful mansion, the one that best reflects the love of the true workman, is not the one that is bigger or higher than all the others. The most beautiful mansion is that which is a faithful reflection of the structure and beauty concealed within things. Grothendieck. Structure and Form - or the Voice of Things. #1026 ![]() |
1986 | |||||
Window of political discourse. Unthinkable - Radical - Acceptable - Sensible - Popular - Policy Wikipedia: Overton window #1025 ![]() |
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The Nursing and Midwifery Council (NMC) Code of Conduct describes four professional standards: prioritise people, practice effectively, preserve safety, promote professionalism and trust. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/297922054_%27If_it%27s_not_written_down_It_didn%27t_happen%27 #1022 ![]() |
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https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Show_and_tell #1021 ![]() |
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http://www.ms.lt/sodas/Mintys/Am%c5%beinaiBr%c4%99stiAr%c5%a0iaipGyventi
Human freedom of attention is divergent
God’s love is convergent #1020 ![]() |
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https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Living_Wisely/Seeking_Real_Good
Real, good Leland Beaumont #1019 ![]() |
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Project Achieve. The SEL Secret to Success: You Need to “Stop & Think” and “Make Good Choices”.
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https://lifeskillsadvocate.com/blog/stop-think-act/ stop, think, act - threesome #1017 ![]() |
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What should I stop doing? What should I keep doing? What should I start doing? Wikipedia: SKS process #1016 ![]() |
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The Sequential Thematic Organization of Publications (STOP) method is a technique used to organize and write reports, proposals, and technical content. It brings greater outlining control to the document and improves its editorial standards. Idea – This list contains cards that have ideas. The cards are added as new ideas come up. This column will help your team document all your brilliant thoughts so you can later develop them. Here, you can collaborate on the best ideas to work on. Resources – This column houses all resources that the team members feel will be helpful when you start creating your document. It may contain links to helpful journals, inspirational content you come across, and information from any source that can back your work. Writing – This list holds the sections of the document that are being worked on by team members. If you are working on an introduction, place it here. When you are done with it, slide it to the next column, and start working on the next phase of the document. Submission and Review – The list houses the cards that have been completed and are waiting to be reviewed by the editor or peers. Published – Holds the cards that have been approved and published. The STOP Method and How to Apply it to Trello #1015 ![]() |
1965 | |||||
S.T.O.P. - The survival mnemonic S.T.O.P. means Stop/Stand, Thank/Think, Observe/Orientate, Positive Plan Priority.
We stop and rethink: our environment, our community, our presence, our consumption, our natural resources and our basic requirements for life. Big questions, but we start small.
"A journey of a thousand miles begins with a single step" (Lao Tzu) NomadTown S.T.O.P. #1010 ❤️MarcusPetz ![]() |
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Andreas Holmer Systems Thinking (i.e., the act of considering whole systems) is a necessary skillset for effective structural leadership. So. What exactly is Systems Thinking? 1. Stocks and Flows. “Systems thinkers see the world as a collection of stocks along with the mechanisms for regulating the levels in the stocks by manipulating flows.” ― Donella H. Meadows At the most basic level, Systems Theory teaches us that complex systems are made up of stocks and flows. Take your bank account as an example. The state of that system is the amount of money you have in stock. And each time you make a deposit or a withdrawal, money either flows in or out of that stock — changing the system’s state over time. Trust is another good example. If trust was a battery (as Shopify CEO Tobias Lütke is fond of saying), that battery would either charge or discharge depending on your interactions with other people. And the state the system — its stock — is the amount of trust you managed to accumulate and retain over time. 2. Feedback Loops. “You think that because you understand ‘one’ that you must therefore understand ‘two’ because one and one make two. But you forget that you must also understand ‘and.’” ― Donella H. Meadows Complex systems are complex because they contain stocks and flows on the one hand, and a myriad of interconnections on the other. Imagine, if you will, that you’ve manage to accumulate a bit of money in your bank account. If you’re like most people, you might use this as an excuse to spend a little more as well — buying that new phone you’ve been wanting. This “perceived state” is a negative feedback loop. The more money you have in your account, the more money you are likely to spend. And this is true for trust as well: the more trust you’ve got built up with another person, the more likely you are to ask them for favors. You save and you spend. The system self regulates. 3. Leverage Points “If you define the goal of a society as GNP, that society will do its best to produce GNP. It will not produce welfare, equity, justice, or efficiency”. ― Donella H. Meadows Every system has a purpose. That is, its stocks, flows, and interconnections are organized to produce a certain outcome. You can influence that outcome by way of targeted interventions. In the case of the economy, you can for example tweak the interest rate. An increase will remove money from circulation (money flows into your account). A decrease will stimulate consumption (money flows out of your account). Whether you find this desirable or not depends on your point of view (good for you, bad for society). And that is the most potent leverage point of all: no intervention is as powerful as changing the intended output. Just imagine an economy designed for happiness rather than growth! I got my first exposure to Systems Thinking back in 2014 courtesy of Donella H. Meadows’ book Thinking in Systems: A Primer (from which I’ve sourced the above quotes). And if you want more information on leverage points, I can recommend this essay — also penned by Meadows and recommended by fellow Systems Thinker Christopher McCann (Thanks Chris!). Next week’s issue will seize on the above notion of “intended output” to talk about disruptive innovation. As it happens, Systems Thinking provides a great backdrop for understanding this illusive and much sought after ideal. Andreas Holmer. Three Hallmarks of Systems Thinking #1006 ❤️William Pahl ![]() |
2020 | |||||
Robert Hazen proposed a broader view of evolution that applies to biological but also nonbiological systems. Three attributes of any complex evolving system composed of many different interactive components there exist mechanisms to generate many different combinations of those components selection for function that prunes or winnows the possibility space to a few select configurations Sean Caroll. Mindscape 299. Michael Wong on Information, Function, and the Origin of Life. Carnegie Science. About Dr. Hazen #1003 ![]() |
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Data, Information, Knowledge, Wisdom Kiko Suarez. Eight dimensions of wise design that could change everything #1002 ![]() |
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Vygotsky - collaboration, interaction, engaging - beliefs, behavior, culture - authentic learning environment #996 ❤️Tony Budak ![]() |
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Pasak V. Gabrieliūtės, smurtą lemia lyčių stereotipai, formuojantys galios disbalansą. „Kuo ilgiau mes siesime vyriškumą su agresija, o moteriškumą su nuolankumu ar patarnavimu, prisitaikymu, kuo mes ilgiau normalizuosime, kad tai yra įprasta santykių forma, tuo ilgiau mes turėsime tokius baisius smurto lyties pagrindu skaičius“, – sako pašnekovė. Pasak jos, pokyčiai vyksta lėtai, nes mes tas nuostatas vis reprodukuojame. „Jei pažiūrėsime, kaip yra vaizduojamos moterys, kiek daug yra moterų nuvertinimo, seksualizavimo, sudaiktinimo tiek žiūrint į reklamas, tiek į socialinių tinklų turinį, tiek į televizijos laidas. Labai sunku keisti normas. [...] Vietoj to, kad mes mokytume berniukus emocinio raštingumo, kad jie galėtų kurti sveikus santykius, atliepti kitų poreikius, mes berniukams vis dar dažnai sakome neverkti ir pan. Dalis vaikų auga nežinodami, kaip užjausti, kaip megzti lygiavertį santykį be kontrolės“, – aiškina V. Gabrieliūtė. Aušra Jaruševičiūtė. Ekspertė: smurtą prieš moteris lemia lyčių stereotipai, kuriuos mes vis reprodukuojame. #992 ![]() |
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#986 ❤️Daniel Friedman ![]() |
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Hypnosis, which was pioneered in the late 18th century by Franz Mesmer and Armand-Marie Jacques de Chastenet, Marques de Puységur, challenged Locke's association of ideas. Hypnotists reported what they thought were second personalities emerging during hypnosis and wondered how two minds could coexist. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dissociative_identity_disorder #985 ![]() |
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An intense interest in spiritualism, parapsychology and hypnosis continued throughout the 19th and early 20th centuries,[102] running in parallel with John Locke's views that there was an association of ideas requiring the coexistence of feelings with awareness of the feelings. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dissociative_identity_disorder #984 ![]() |
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In the 19th century, "dédoublement", or "double consciousness", the historical precursor to DID, was frequently described as a state of sleepwalking, with scholars hypothesizing that the patients were switching between a normal consciousness and a "somnambulistic state". https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dissociative_identity_disorder #983 ![]() |
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#977 ❤️Daniel Friedman ![]() |
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According to a 1955 speech by Bill W., co-founder of Alcoholics Anonymous: The circle stands for the whole world of AA, and the triangle stands for AA’s Three Legacies of Recovery, Unity, and Service. Within our wonderful new world, we have found freedom from our fatal obsession. That we have chosen this particular symbol is perhaps no accident. The priests and seers of antiquity regarded the circle enclosing the triangle as a means of warding off spirits of evil, and AA’s circle and triangle of Recovery, Unity, and Service have certainly meant all of that to us and much more.” The Origin & History Of AA’s Logo #972 ![]() |
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Comparison of Sympathetic and Parasympathetic nervous systems
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Pask (Pask,1990) won an award from Old Dominion University, Virginia forhis Process/Product Complementarity principle. "Every process produces aproduct, every product is produced by a process" e.g. electromagnetic waves andphotons or in the case of CT applied concepts and their descriptions. Nick Green. Axioms from interactions of actors theory. 2004 #957 ![]() |
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Steve Robinson basal (Chinese - Mandarin) - α : a Comprecisant contextual-insular-inward perspective language - no external SLAL influence bridled (Brazilian Portuguese)- β : a heavily entropic agent-to-agent (a2a) SLAL-infused largely insular-inward perspective language bridge (Modern English) - γ : a prior entropic (a2a) SLAL-infused language subject to a widespread imperfect knowledge frontier Steve Robinson. Basal & Counterfactual Comprecisance & SLAL #948 ![]() |
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Steve Robinson First suggested by the ecological pscyhologist J.J.Gibson in opposition to the cognitive approach in psychology, affordance remits to a continuum between individual subjectivity and the objectivity of the world around us. In other words, the relation between an agent's abilities and the physical states of its environment, "the spectrum of expectations with which the agent is endowed" (Gibson, 1979) Humans are not 'social' beings by way of brain function but rather the brain is engaged in pluralised enculturation (affordance), thereby extending the Markov blanket. I most humbly offer this as a more cohesive explanation for human cognitive and social behavior. Steve Robinson. Species-Level Affordance Library (SLAL). #947 ![]() |
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Steve Robinson compares Species-Level Affordance Library for Static food production (farming), Rotation food production (hunting gathering), Quasi-Eusocial Enculturation (contemporary). https://www.academia.edu/117040881/SLAL_ACA_EcoEvoDevo_Roadmap #946 ![]() |
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In Panchagni vidyā, (meditation on the five fires), which vidyā is a specific kind of knowledge, the symbolic agni (fire) is the object of meditation and has five important aspects – the three worlds (the heaven, earth and intermediate space), man and woman; which vidyā is taught in connection with the "Doctrine of Transmigration of souls" as the "Doctrine of descent". This vidya was taught by the royal sage, Prāvāhana Jaivali, to Svetaketu, son of Uddālka Āruni. It explains how the body is linked to the universe and why the mind’s true nature is to manifest its will in the universe. Wikipedia: Panchagni Vidya 650 BCE #943 ![]() |
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Dalai Lama Encourages us, before deciding how to act, to ask ourselves: • Are we being broad minded or narrow minded? • Have we taken into account the overall situation or are we considering only selected information? • Is our view short-term or long term? • Is our motivation genuinely compassionate? • Is our compassion limited to our families, or friends, and those we identify with closely? Wikiversity: Clarifying values #939 ![]() |
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Eco, evo, devo https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecological_evolutionary_developmental_biology #934 ![]() |
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The only legitimate policies, but also the only acceptable ethics, are those based on the following five principles: common naturality, common humanity, common sociality, legitimate individuation, creative opposition. These five principles are subordinate to the absolute imperative of hubris control. Convivialist International. Manifestos. Convivialist International. The Second Convivialist Manifesto: Towards a Post-Neoliberal World #932 ❤️Hans-Florian Hoyer ![]() |
2020 | |||||
Since the creation, it is believed by the Abenaki that the world has gone through three separate ages, defined by humanity and its relationship with the other animals. First, there is the Ancient Age, where humans and animals are viewed as equal, followed by the Golden Age, where humans begin to separate themselves from being like the other animals. Finally, there is the Present Age, which is marked by the current status of humans being completely separate from the rest of the animals.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abenaki_mythology #930 ❤️William Pahl ![]() |
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The Great Spirit is an omnipresent supreme life force, generally conceptualized as a supreme being or god, in the traditional religious beliefs of many, but not all, indigenous cultures in Canada and the United States. Interpretations of it vary between cultures.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Spirit #929 ❤️William Pahl ![]() |
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Jung attributes human rational thought to be the male nature, while the irrational aspect is considered to be natural female (rational being defined as involving judgment, irrational being defined as involving perceptions). Consequently, irrational moods are the progenies of the male anima shadow and irrational opinions of the female animus shadow. https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analytical_psychology #927 ![]() |
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https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Individuation
Jung compare with Maslow needs #926 ![]() |
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The Rostovian take-off model (also called "Rostow's Stages of Growth") is one of the major historical models of economic growth. Traditional society Preconditions for take-off Take-off Drive to maturity Age of High mass consumption Wikipedia: Rostow's stages of growth Rostow, W. W. The Stages of Economic Growth: A Non-Communist Manifesto. #920 ![]() |
1959 | |||||
Systems in general, but also human activity systems, are able to survive (in other words they become viable) when they develop: (a) patterns of self-organisation that lead to self-organisation through morphogenesis and complexity; (b) patterns for long term evolution towards autonomy; (c) patterns that lead to the functioning of viable systems. This theory was intended to embrace the dynamics of dissipative systems using three planes. Plane of energy. Plane of information. Plane of totality. Each of the three planes (illustrated in Figure 1 below) is an independent ontological domain, interactively connected through networks of processes, and it shows the basic ontological structure of the viable system. Wikipedia. Viable systems theory. #919 ![]() |
1988 | |||||
The purpose of a system is what it does (POSIWID) is a systems thinking heuristic coined by Stafford Beer, who observed that there is "no point in claiming that the purpose of a system is to do what it constantly fails to do." The term is widely used by systems theorists, and is generally invoked to counter the notion that the purpose of a system can be read from the intentions of those who design, operate, or promote it. According to the cybernetician, the purpose of a system is what it does. This is a basic dictum. It stands for bald fact, which makes a better starting point in seeking understanding than the familiar attributions of good intention, prejudices about expectations, moral judgment, or sheer ignorance of circumstances. Wikipedia: The purpose of a system is what it does. #916 ![]() |
2001 | |||||
Di Paolo et al (2010) explicitly state that the enaction paradigm and its five, mutually
implicating, foundational concepts—autonomy, sense-making, emergence, embodiment, and experience—require an Ashbian model of regulation in order to be effectively implemented in natural and artificial living systems. Di Paolo E, Rohde M, Jaegher HD (2010) Horizons for the enactive mind: Values, social interaction, and play. In: Stewart J, Gapenne O, Di Paolo E (eds) Enaction: Towards a New Paradigm for Cognitive Science, MIT Press, Cambridge, Mass. Stefano Franchi. General Homeostasis, Passive Life, and the Challenge to Autonomy. #910 ![]() |
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Jesus, Frankenstein, Dracula, Zombie resurrected from the dead, local townspeople fear and revere him, convert as many mindless followers as possible https://free-images.com/display/jesus_vs_others.html #905 ![]() |
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Homeostasis, in a general sense, refers to stability, balance, or equilibrium. Physiologically, it is the body’s attempt to maintain a constant and balanced internal environment, which requires persistent monitoring and adjustments as conditions change. Adjustment of physiological systems within the body is called homeostatic regulation, which involves three parts or mechanisms: (1) the receptor, (2) the control center, and (3) the effector. Libre Texts. Homeostasis - Homeostatic Process. #903 ![]() |
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Seven Types of Ambiguity is a work of literary criticism by William Empson which was first published in 1930. It was one of the most influential critical works of the 20th century and was a key foundation work in the formation of the New Criticism school. The book is organized around seven types of ambiguity that Empson finds in the poetry he discusses. • The first type of ambiguity is the metaphor, that is, when two things are said to be alike which have different properties. This concept is similar to that of metaphysical conceit. • Two or more meanings are resolved into one. Empson characterizes this as using two different metaphors at once. • Two ideas that are connected through context can be given in one word simultaneously. • Two or more meanings that do not agree but combine to make clear a complicated state of mind in the author. • When the "author is discovering his idea in the act of writing..." Empson describes a simile that lies halfway between two statements made by the author. • When a statement says nothing and the readers are forced to invent a statement of their own, most likely in conflict with that of the author. • Two words that within context are opposites that expose a fundamental division in the author's mind. Wikipedia: Seven Types of Ambiguity #899 ![]() |
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John Baez: There are three famous formalisms for studying algebraic gadgets. They all describe the same kinds of algebraic gadgets, so which you use is largely a matter of convenience: varieties in the sense of universal algebra Lawvere theories finitary monads on the category of sets. John Baez. Total Freedom. #895 ![]() |
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A strange loop is a cyclic structure that goes through several levels in a hierarchical system. It arises when, by moving only upwards or downwards through the system, one finds oneself back where one started. Strange loops may involve self-reference and paradox. The concept of a strange loop was proposed and extensively discussed by Douglas Hofstadter in Gödel, Escher, Bach, and is further elaborated in Hofstadter's book I Am a Strange Loop, published in 2007. A tangled hierarchy is a hierarchical consciousness system in which a strange loop appears. Wikipedia: Strange loop Wikipedia: Gödel, Escher, Bach #893 ![]() |
1979 | |||||
The term “Five Relationships” is based on ethics, which refers to a set of moral principles and norms concerning interpersonal relationships. Confucianism, as the mainstream of traditional Chinese ideology, also played a dominant role in traditional Chinese ethics. The “Five Relationships” (ruler to ruled, father to son, husband to wife, elder brother to younger brother, and friend to friend) are emphasised in Confucian ethical and moral values. Confucius and Mencius believed that if everyone did his part and fulfilled his duty, a harmonious society and an orderly country would be formed. Traditional Ethics in Ancient China #890 ![]() |
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There are at least two classes of TEs: Class I TEs or retrotransposons generally function via reverse transcription, while Class II TEs or DNA transposons encode the protein transposase, which they require for insertion and excision, and some of these TEs also encode other proteins. Wikipedia: Transposable element #879 ![]() |
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In the developing vertebrate embryo, the neural tube is subdivided into four unseparated sections which then develop further into distinct regions of the central nervous system; these are the prosencephalon (forebrain), the mesencephalon (midbrain) the rhombencephalon (hindbrain) and the spinal cord. Wikipedia: Cerebrum #878 ![]() |
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Peter Senge "Personal mastery is a discipline of continually clarifying and deepening our personal vision, of focusing our energies, of developing patience, and of seeing reality objectively." "Mental models are deeply ingrained assumptions, generalizations, or even pictures of images that influence how we understand the world and how we take action." "Building shared vision - a practice of unearthing shared pictures of the future that foster genuine commitment and enrollment rather than compliance." "Team learning starts with 'dialogue', the capacity of members of a team to suspend assumptions and enter into genuine 'thinking together'." "Systems thinking - The Fifth Discipline that integrates the other four." Wikipedia: The Fifth Discipline #872 ![]() |
1990 | |||||
1970s. Quality is Free (Crosby) In his book Philip B. Crosby describes his famous 14-step program for quality improvement. Crosby defines quality as conformance to requirements. He defines the 'Quality Maturity Grid' and classifies management attitudes toward quality into five categories. Crosby suggests that improvement happens as management 'matures' from one category to another. Joris Meerts, Dorothy Graham. The History of Software Testing. #871 ![]() |
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In his A System of Logic the British philosopher John Stuart Mill publishes five methods of inductive reasoning; the reasoning from a specific case or cases to a general rule. The fundamental principle of induction is the proposition that the course of nature is uniform. Joris Meerts, Dorothy Graham. The History of Software Testing. #870 ![]() |
1843 | |||||
Step One: Gather information about the error Step Two: Isolate the error Step Three: Identify the error Step Four: Determine how to fix the error Step Five: Apply and test Agnes Nduta. What is Debugging? A Beginner's Guide for Coders. #868 ![]() |
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Following Weber again, an increasing complexity arises from the structural and institutional differentiation of the lifeworld, which follows the closed logic of the systemic rationalisation of our communications. There is a transfer of action co-ordination from 'language' over to 'steering media', such as money and power, which bypass consensus-oriented communication with a 'symbolic generalisation of rewards and punishments'. After this process the lifeworld "is no longer needed for the coordination of action". This results in humans ('lifeworld actors') losing a sense of responsibility with a chain of negative social consequences. Lifeworld communications lose their purpose becoming irrelevant for the coordination of central life processes. This has the effect of ripping the heart out of social discourse, allowing complex differentiation to occur but at the cost of social pathologies. Habermas is now ready to make a preliminary definition of the process of communicative rationality: this is communication that is "oriented to achieving, sustaining and reviewing consensus – and indeed a consensus that rests on the intersubjective recognition of criticisable validity claims".[28] With this key definition he shifts the emphasis in our concept of rationality from the individual to the social. This shift is fundamental to The Theory of Communicative Action. It is based on an assumption that language is implicitly social and inherently rational. Wikipedia: The Theory of Communicative Action #861 ![]() |
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According to Weber, rationalisation (to use this word in the sense it has in sociological theory) creates three spheres of value: the differentiated zones of science, art and law.[20] For him, this fundamental disunity of reason constitutes the danger of modernity. This danger arises not simply from the creation of separate institutional entities but through the specialisation of cognitive, normative, and aesthetic knowledge that in turn permeates and fragments everyday consciousness. This disunity of reason implies that culture moves from a traditional base in a consensual collective endeavour to forms which are rationalised by commodification and led by individuals with interests which are separated from the purposes of the population as a whole. Wikipedia: The Theory of Communicative Action #860 ![]() |
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According to Weber, rationalisation (to use this word in the sense it has in sociological theory) creates three spheres of value: the differentiated zones of science, art and law.[20] For him, this fundamental disunity of reason constitutes the danger of modernity. This danger arises not simply from the creation of separate institutional entities but through the specialisation of cognitive, normative, and aesthetic knowledge that in turn permeates and fragments everyday consciousness. This disunity of reason implies that culture moves from a traditional base in a consensual collective endeavour to forms which are rationalised by commodification and led by individuals with interests which are separated from the purposes of the population as a whole. Wikipedia: The Theory of Communicative Action #859 ![]() |
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Max Weber divided social action into the four categories of affectional, traditional, instrumental, and value-rational action. Wikipedia: Max Weber #854 ![]() |
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In terms of government, Weber argued that states were defined by their monopoly on violence and categorised social authority into three distinct forms: charismatic, traditional, and rational-legal. Wikipedia: Max Weber #853 ![]() |
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Martin Buber I and Thou https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_and_Thou #848 ![]() |
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testing #841 ❤️Andrius ![]() |
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Open mind, open heart, open will change management https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theory_U #840 ![]() |
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improvise | adapt | overcome | “Improvise, Adapt, Overcome” is an unofficial slogan among Marines made popular by Clint Eastwood's movie, Heartbreak Ridge (1986) I do believe that is Bear Grylls the ex military television survival man. A couple years ago that meme was made from the show Man vs Wild. It's the show mantra. Reddit. What is this "improvise, adapt, overcome" thing? Know your meme. Improvise. Adapt. Overcome #839 ![]() |
1986 | ||
Arthur Schopenhauer four books: epistemology, ontology, aesthetics, ethics Wikipedia: The World as Will and Representation #835 ![]() |
1818 | |||||
The Rule of Four Template requires students to represent every problem in four ways to model with mathematics: Verbally (or in writing) Algebraically (as an equation or inequality) Geometrically (as a graph) Numerically (in a table) Jeff Todd. Using the Rule of Four Template to Help Middle School Students Model with Mathematics. #832 ![]() |
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Research has also produced the Organizational Bullshit Perception Scale (OBPS) that reveals three factors of organizational bullshit (regard for truth, the boss, and bullshit language) that can be used to gauge perceptions of the extent of organizational bullshit that exists in a workplace. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bullshit #829 ![]() |
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top-down vs. bottom up, objective vs. subjective Martin Hollis. The philosophy of social science: an introduction. #827 ![]() |
1994 | ||||
The Buddha taught that consciousness is always continuing, like a stream of water. Consciousness has four layers. The four layers of consciousness are mind consciousness, sense consciousness, store consciousness, and manas. https://www.lionsroar.com/the-four-layers-of-consciousness/ #826 ![]() |
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Mind is information processor. Cognition is computation. Consciousness is computation.
In philosophy of mind, the computational theory of mind (CTM), also known as computationalism, is a family of views that hold that the human mind is an information processing system and that cognition and consciousness together are a form of computation. It is closely related to functionalism, a broader theory that defines mental states by what they do rather than what they're made of.[1]
Warren McCulloch and Walter Pitts (1943) were the first to suggest that neural activity is computational. They argued that neural computations explain cognition.[2] The theory was proposed in its modern form by Hilary Putnam in 1967, and developed by his PhD student, philosopher, and cognitive scientist Jerry Fodor in the 1960s, 1970s, and 1980s.[3][4] It was later criticized in the 1990s by Putnam himself, John Searle, and others.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computational_theory_of_mind #824 ❤️William Pahl ![]() |
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Weak.. Not really 3 minds.. 6 stages..
Kohlberg's approach begins with the assumption that humans are intrinsically motivated to explore and become competent at functioning in their environments. In social development, this leads us to imitate role models we perceive as competent and to look to them for validation.[16] Thus our earliest childhood references on the rightness of our and others' actions are adult role models with whom we are in regular contact. Kohlberg also held that there are common patterns of social life, observed in universally occurring social institutions, such as families, peer groups, structures, and procedures for clan or society decision-making, and cooperative work for mutual defense and sustenance. Endeavoring to become competent participants in such institutions, humans in all cultures exhibit similar actions and thoughts concerning the relations of self, others, and the social world. Furthermore, the more one is prompted to have empathy for the other person, the more quickly one learns to function well in cooperative human interactions. [17]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawrence_Kohlberg
#823 ❤️William Pahl ![]() |
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The id, ego, and super-ego are three aspects of the mind Freud believed to comprise a person's personality. Freud believed people are "simply actors in the drama of [their] own minds, pushed by desire, pulled by coincidence.
Wikipedia: Freud's psychoanalytic theories #822 ❤️William Pahl ![]() |
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William James: The great snare of the psychologist is the confusion of his own standpoint with that of the mental fact about which he is making his report. I shall hereafter call this the 'psychologist's fallacy' par excellence. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychologist%27s_fallacy #816 ![]() |
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According to Alfred North Whitehead, one commits the fallacy of misplaced concreteness when one mistakes an abstract belief, opinion, or concept about the way things are for a physical or "concrete" reality: "There is an error; but it is merely the accidental error of mistaking the abstract for the concrete. It is an example of what might be called the 'Fallacy of Misplaced Concreteness.'" https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reification_(fallacy) #815 ![]() |
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The Arthashastra then posits its own theory that there are four necessary fields of knowledge, the Vedas, the Anvikshaki (science of reasoning), the science of government and the science of economics (Varta of agriculture, cattle and trade). It is from these four that all other knowledge, wealth and human prosperity is derived.The Kautilya text thereafter asserts that it is the Vedas that discuss what is Dharma (right, moral, ethical) and what is Adharma (wrong, immoral, unethical), it is the Varta that explain what creates wealth and what destroys wealth, it is the science of government that illuminates what is Nyaya (justice, expedient, proper) and Anyaya (unjust, inexpedient, improper), and that it is Anvishaki (philosophy) that is the light of these sciences, as well as the source of all knowledge, the guide to virtues, and the means to all kinds of acts. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthashastra #812 ![]() |
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Kautilya's discussion of taxation and expenditure gave expression to three Indian principles: taxing power [of state] is limited; taxation should not be felt to be heavy or exclusive [discriminatory]; tax increases should be graduated. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthashastra #811 ![]() |
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It classifies war into three broad types – open war, covert war and silent war. It then dedicates chapters to defining each type of war, how to engage in these wars and how to detect that one is a target of covert or silent types of war. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthashastra #810 ![]() |
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When the degree of progress is the same in pursuing peace and waging war, peace is to be preferred. For, in war, there are disadvantages such as losses, expenses and absence from home. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthashastra #809 ![]() |
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Baruch Spinoza I have laboured carefully not to mock, not to lament, and not to detest, but to understand human actions. Works of Spinoza, A Political Treatise, translation by Elwes, Vol. 1, p. 288. #807 ❤️MP ![]() |
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Max Scheler sensible feelings - localizable, nonholistic - a tickle, an itch, a fragrance, a taste, pleasure, pain, hunger, thirst, intoxication vital feelings ar holistic to the body but not personal - comfort, health, vigor, strength, tiredness, illness, weakness, advancing age, phantom limb phenomenon - which manifest intentionally as fear and hope.. psychic feelings - attributed to one's person, self, ego - euphoria, happiness, sympathy, enjoyment, sadness, sorrow, anger, jealousy - which manifest intentionally as empathy, preferring, loving, hating and willing - alterable though acts of free will, thought and positive social interactions.. spiritual feelings - transcend one's person, all ego-states seem to be extinguished, they take possession of the whole of our being - bliss, awe, wonder, catharsis, despair, shame, remorse, anxiety, pangs of conscience, grie - we can not reason or will to produce such spiritual feelings. As positive experiences, we can only open our hearts and mind and hope that they find us. #805 ![]() |
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Mark Solms also sees Karl Friston’s free energy principle as a major part of his theory. He gives one of the best descriptions of that principle that I’ve seen. Unfortunately my understanding of it remains somewhat blurry, but my takeaway is that it’s about how self organizing systems arise and work. He identifies four principles of such systems: They are ergodic, meaning they only permit themselves to be in a limited number of states. They have a Markov blanket, a boundary between themselves and their environment. They have active inference, that is, they make predictions about their own states and the environment from that environment’s effects on their Markov blanket. They are self preservative, which means minimizing their internal entropy, maintaining homeostasis, etc. Mark Solms' Theory of Consciousness #801 ![]() |
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These five levels of consciousness are primal, reactive, willful, intellectual and intuitive. Scott Oldford. The Five Levels Of Consciousness For Entrepreneurs. #800 ![]() |
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Fludd's application of his mystically inclined tripartite theory to his philosophies of medicine and science was best illustrated through his conception of the Macrocosm and microcosm relationship. The divine light (the second of Fludd's primary principles) was the "active agent" responsible for creation. This informed the development of the world and the Sun, respectively. Fludd concluded, from a reading of Psalm 19:4—"In them hath he set a tabernacle for the sun"—that the Spirit of the Lord was contained literally within the Sun, placing it central to Fludd's model of the macrocosm remained in manuscript. As the Sun was to the Earth, so was the heart to mankind. The Sun conveyed Spirit to the Earth through its rays, which circulated in and about the Earth giving it life. Likewise, the blood of man carried the Spirit of the Lord (the same Spirit provided by the Sun), and circulated through the body of man. This was an application of the sympathies and parallels provided to all of God's Creation by Fludd's tripartite theory of matter. Wikipedia: Robert Fludd: Tripartite division of matter. #799 ![]() |
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Irigaray employs three different modes in her investigations into the nature of gender, language, and identity: the analytic, the essayistic, and the lyrical poetic. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luce_Irigaray Irigaray, Luce. (1992). Elemental passions #794 ![]() |
1992 | |||||
French psychoanalyst Jacques Lacan argued that there were four fundamental types of discourse. He defined four discourses, which he called Master, University, Hysteric and Analyst, and suggested that these relate dynamically to one another. 1969 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Four_discourses #792 ![]() |
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threesome Three grammatical voices structure the drive's circuit: the active voice (to see) the reflexive voice (to see oneself) the passive voice (to be seen) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques_Lacan #791 ![]() |
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four elements of drives as defined by Freud (pressure, end, object and source) #790 ![]() |
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Winston Churchill's mother, Jennie Jerome, wrote that after sitting next to Gladstone, "I thought he was the cleverest man in England. But after sitting next to Mr. Disraeli, I thought I was the cleverest woman in England."
Gladstones Library. The Great Rivalry, As Told By Punch. #785 ![]() |
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Leland Beaumont: In Book 6 of the Nicomachean Ethics, Aristotle distinguishes between two intellectual virtues which are sometimes translated as "wisdom": sophia and phronesis.
Sophia is the true conception of the first principles of existence and that which follows from them. This is perfect wisdom, the wisdom of the gods, unattainable by mortal men. This ultimate form of wisdom is sometimes called “Theoretical wisdom” and is often intimately tied to theology.
Phronesis, sometimes translated as “practical wisdom” is the highest level of insight attainable by mortals; the wise deliberation about human affairs.
https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Wisdom#Defining_Wisdom #773 ![]() |
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Nicholas Maxwell, knowledge-inquiry, wisdom-inquiry https://philpapers.org/archive/MAXTOT-2.pdf by way of Leland Beaumont #772 ![]() |
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The Buddha tasks the monk Tang Sanzang (or "Tripitaka"), with journeying to India and provides him with three protectors who agree to help him in order to atone for their sins: Sun Wukong (the "Monkey King"), Zhu Bajie, and Sha Wujing. Riding a White Dragon Horse, the monk and his three protectors journey to a mythical version of India and enlightenment through the power and virtue of cooperation. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journey_to_the_West #758 ![]() |
1592 | |||||
Ashtanga yoga (Sanskrit: अष्टाङ्गयोग, romanized: aṣṭāṅgayoga, "the eight limbs of yoga") is Patanjali's classification of classical yoga, as set out in his Yoga Sutras. He defined the eight limbs as yamas (abstinences), niyama (observances), asana (posture), pranayama (breathing), pratyahara (withdrawal), dharana (concentration), dhyana (meditation) and samadhi (absorption). https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashtanga_(eight_limbs_of_yoga) #756 ![]() |
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In the Pali canon, Vitakka-vicāra form one expression, which refers to directing one's thought or attention on an object (vitarka) and investigating it (vicāra), "breaking it down into its functional components" to understand it [and] distinguishing the multitude of conditioning factors implicated in a phenomenal event." https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitarka-vicāra #755 ![]() |
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There are three primary types of relationships between parts: protection, polarization, and alliance. Protection is provided by Managers and Firefighters. They intend to spare Exiles from harm and protect the individual from the Exile's pain. Polarization occurs between two parts that battle each other to determine how a person feels or behaves in a certain situation. Each part believes that it must act as it does in order to counter the extreme behavior of the other part. IFS has a method for working with polarized parts. Alliance is formed between two different parts if they're working together to accomplish the same goal. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal_Family_Systems_Model #747 ![]() |
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In the IFS model, there are three general types of parts: Exiles represent psychological trauma, often from childhood, and they carry the pain and fear. Exiles may become isolated from the other parts and polarize the system. Managers and Firefighters try to protect a person's consciousness by preventing the Exiles' pain from coming to awareness. Managers take on a preemptive, protective role. They influence the way a person interacts with the external world, protecting the person from harm and preventing painful or traumatic experiences from flooding the person's conscious awareness. Firefighters emerge when Exiles break out and demand attention. They work to divert attention away from the Exile's hurt and shame, which leads to impulsive and/or inappropriate behaviors like overeating, drug use, and/or violence. They can also distract a person from pain by excessively focusing attention on more subtle activities such as overworking or overmedicating. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal_Family_Systems_Model #746 ![]() |
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the three pillars of Zen—teaching, practice, enlightenment Philip Kapleau Roshi. The Three Pillars of Zen: Teaching, Practice, and Enlightenment. #731 ![]() |
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Norbert Wiener, 1948 Includes an exploration of the contrast between time-reversible processes governed by Newtonian mechanics and time-irreversible processes in accordance with the Second Law of Thermodynamics. Wikipedia: Cybernetics: Or Control and Communication in the Animal and the Machine #726 ![]() |
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E. Tory Higgins proposed that people have three selves, to which they compare themselves: Actual self – representation of the attributes the person believes themself to possess (basic self-concept) Ideal self – ideal attributes the person would like to possess (hopes, aspiration, motivations to change) Ought self – ideal attributes the person believes they should possess (duties, obligations, responsibilities) Wikipedia: Cognitive dissonance #725 ![]() |
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In practice, people reduce the magnitude of their cognitive dissonance in four ways: Change the behavior or the cognition ("I'll eat no more of this doughnut.") Justify the behavior or the cognition, by changing the conflicting cognition ("I'm allowed to cheat my diet every once in a while.") Justify the behavior or the cognition by adding new behaviors or cognitions ("I'll spend thirty extra minutes at the gymnasium to work off the doughnut.") Ignore or deny information that conflicts with existing beliefs ("This doughnut is not a high-sugar food.") Wikipedia: Cognitive dissonance #724 ![]() |
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Four theoretic paradigms of cognitive dissonance, the mental stress people experienced when exposed to information that is inconsistent with their beliefs, ideals or values: Belief Disconfirmation, Induced Compliance, Free Choice, and Effort Justification, which respectively explain what happens after a person acts inconsistently. Wikipedia: Cognitive dissonance #723 ![]() |
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The sympathetic nervous system is often considered the "fight or flight" system, while the parasympathetic nervous system is often considered the "rest and digest" or "feed and breed" system. In many cases, both of these systems have "opposite" actions where one system activates a physiological response and the other inhibits it. An older simplification of the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems as "excitatory" and "inhibitory" was overturned due to the many exceptions found. A more modern characterization is that the sympathetic nervous system is a "quick response mobilizing system" and the parasympathetic is a "more slowly activated dampening system", but even this has exceptions, such as in sexual arousal and orgasm, wherein both play a role. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autonomic_nervous_system #721 ![]() |
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Hobbes. Leviathan. Passions, reason (addition, substraction). Seeking causes vs. seeking possible effects. Words allow one to remember their thoughts and also to communicate them to others. Thomas Hobbes. Leviathan. #720 ![]() |
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Galen. On the Diagnosis and Cure of the Soul's Passion.
http://www.ldysinger.com/@texts/0198_galen/03_passions.htm
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Methodic school of medicine was a balance of the Empirical school and Dogmatic school. It was founded by Asclepiades.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methodic_school
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dogmatic_school
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empiric_school
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asclepiades_of_Bithynia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Themison_of_Laodicea
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pneuma#Pneumatic_school #717 ![]() |
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Statements about God's nature must be proved for each of His essential attributes in order to prove the statement true for God (i.e., Goodness is threefold, Greatness is threefold, Eternity is threefold, Power is threefold, etc.). ... Llull revised the Art to have only four main figures. He reduced the number of divine principles in the first figure to nine (goodness, greatness, eternity, power, wisdom, will, virtue, truth, glory). Wikipedia: Ramon Llull #716 ![]() |
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Edward de Bono defines four types of thinking tools: idea-generating tools intended to break current thinking patterns—routine patterns, the status quo focus tools intended to broaden where to search for new ideas harvest tools intended to ensure more value is received from idea generating output treatment tools that promote consideration of real-world constraints, resources, and support Wikipedia: Lateral thinking #710 ![]() |
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Active Inference Textbook 4.3 Bayesian inference: specificity (the probability of a negative result in the absence of the disease) sensitivity (the probability of a positive result in the presence of the disease #709 ![]() |
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Christopher Alexander. Three minds. Pattern involves optimization, rule of thumb... #702 ❤️Andrius ![]() |
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Adorno's scheme of recognition of a hit song. 1.Vague remembrance 2.Actual identification 3.Subsumption by label 4.Self-reflection and act of recognition 5.Psychological transfer of recognition-authority to the object Wikipedia: Theodor W. Adorno: The five components of recognition #698 ![]() |
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Jacques Lacan's 3 orders Real, Symbolic, and Imaginary Wikipedia: Trichotomy: Examples of Philosophical Trichotomies #696 ❤️Andrius ![]() |
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Important trichotomies discussed by Aquinas include the causal principles (agent, patient, act). Wikipedia: Causality Wikipedia: Trichotomy (philosophy) #693 ❤️Andrius ![]() |
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testing #692 ❤️Andrius ![]() |
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The five aggregates or heaps of clinging are: form (or material image, impression) (rupa) sensations (or feelings, received from form) (vedana) perceptions (samjna) mental activity or formations or influences of a previous life (sanskara) discernment (vijnana) Wikipedia: Skandha #687 ![]() |
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The three virtues: Santoku: light (kyonan), clean (joketsu), dignified (nyoho).
Eihei Dogen zenji. Tenzo kyokun: Instructions for the Tenzo #678 ![]() |
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The six flavors: Rokumi: bitter, sour, sweet, hot, mild, salty.
Eihei Dogen zenji. Tenzo kyokun: Instructions for the Tenzo #677 ![]() |
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rational emotive behavior therapy has been identified in ancient philosophical traditions, particularly to Stoics Marcus Aurelius, Epictetus, Zeno of Citium, Chrysippus, Panaetius of Rhodes, Cicero, and Seneca, and early Asian philosophers Confucius and Gautama Buddha #664 ![]() |
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Enchiridion of Epictetus: "Men are disturbed not by things, but by the views which they take of them." #663 ![]() |
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Shakespeare expressed a similar thought in Hamlet: "There's nothing good or bad but thinking makes it so." #662 ![]() |
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American psychotherapist Albert Ellis taught the A-B-C-D-E-F model of psychological disturbance and change. • A Adversity • B Beliefs about adversity • C Emotional consequences • D Disputations to challenge beliefs about adversity • E Effective new rational beliefs • F New feelings Wikipedia: Rational emotive behavior therapy #660 ![]() |
1955 | |||||
American Israeli cross-cultural social psychologist Shalom Schwartz developed the theory of basic human values which recognizes ten cross cultural values grouped into four categories. • Openness to change: self-direction, stimulation • Self-enhancement: hedonism, achievement, power • Conservation: security, conformity, tradition • Self-transcendence: benevolence, universalism Wikipedia: Theory of basic human values #656 ![]() |
1992 | |||||
German philosopher Friedrich Nietzsche in The Twilight of the Idols details Four Great Errors. • The error of confusing cause and consequence. Following moral principles does not yield happiness but rather happiness gives rise instinctively to moral behavior. • The error of a false causality. There are no spiritual causes for human behavior, there is no will nor spirit nor ego, there are no such factors that cause events but simply symptoms that accompany them. • The error of imaginary causes. Events give rise to purported causes that simply eliminate the discomfort of the unknown. • The error of free will. Free will is a fictional notion invented by theologians to fulfill the instinct to punish and judge guilty. Wikipedia: The Four Great Errors #650 ![]() |
1889 | |||||
The Process of Change Model is divided into four stages: late status quo, chaos, practice and integration, and new status quo. In the first stage of change, the late status quo, Satir argued the individual is in a predictable environment. Status quo involves a set routine, fixed ideas about the world, and an established behavior. This stage is all about predictability and familiarity. The second stage of change is chaos. Chaos, as described by Satir, occurs when something in the environment or in the individual changes. This change brings a sense of unfamiliarity and the previously stable routine can no longer be held. In the stage of chaos, here are many strong feelings like sadness, fear, confusion, stress, among others. Satir argues that in the change stage of chaos, therapists must help families and individuals navigate these emotions. The third stage of change is practice and integration. In this stage new ideas are being implemented and individuals are figuring out what works best. Like any other skill, it requires patience and practice. The final stage of change is the new status quo. In this stage, the new ideas, behaviors, and changes are not so new anymore. Individuals tend to acclimate to the change, figure out what works, and become better at their new skill. Wikipedia: Virginia Satir #647 ![]() |
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developed by Fritz Perls, Laura Perls and Paul Goodman in the 1940s and 1950s, and was first described in the 1951 book Gestalt Therapy. The theoretical foundations of Gestalt therapy essentially rests atop four "load-bearing walls": phenomenological method, dialogical relationship, field-theoretical strategies, and experimental freedom. Wikipedia: Gestalt theory #646 ![]() |
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The innumerable levels of descent divide into Four comprehensive spiritual worlds, Atziluth ("Closeness" – Divine Wisdom), Beriah ("Creation" – Divine Understanding), Yetzirah ("Formation" – Divine Emotions), Assiah ("Action" – Divine Activity), with a preceding Fifth World Adam Kadmon ("Primordial Man" – Divine Will) sometimes excluded due to its sublimity. Together the whole spiritual heavens form the Divine Persona/Anthropos. Wikipedia: Kabbalah Wikipedia: Four Worlds #645 ![]() |
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Moshe Idel writes that these 3 basic models can be discerned operating and competing throughout the whole history of Jewish mysticism, beyond the particular Kabbalistic background of the Middle Ages. They can be readily distinguished by their basic intent with respect to God: The Theosophical or Theosophical-Theurgic tradition of Theoretical Kabbalah (the main focus of the Zohar and Luria) seeks to understand and describe the divine realm using the imaginative and mythic symbols of human psychological experience. As an intuitive conceptual alternative to rationalist Jewish philosophy, particularly Maimonides' Aristotelianism, this speculation became the central stream of Kabbalah, and the usual reference of the term kabbalah. Its theosophy also implies the innate, centrally important theurgic influence of human conduct on redeeming or damaging the spiritual realms, as man is a divine microcosm, and the spiritual realms the divine macrocosm. The purpose of traditional theosophical kabbalah was to give the whole of normative Jewish religious practice this mystical metaphysical meaning. The Meditative tradition of Ecstatic Kabbalah (exemplified by Abraham Abulafia and Isaac of Acre) strives to achieve a mystical union with God, or nullification of the meditator in God's Active intellect. Abraham Abulafia's "Prophetic Kabbalah" was the supreme example of this, though marginal in Kabbalistic development, and his alternative to the program of theosophical Kabbalah. Abulafian meditation built upon the philosophy of Maimonides, whose following remained the rationalist threat to theosophical Kabbalists. The Magico-Talismanic tradition of Practical Kabbalah (in often unpublished manuscripts) endeavours to alter both the Divine realms and the World using practical methods. While theosophical interpretations of worship see its redemptive role as harmonising heavenly forces, Practical Kabbalah properly involved white-magical acts, and was censored by Kabbalists for only those completely pure of intent, as it relates to lower realms where purity and impurity are mixed. Consequently, it formed a separate minor tradition shunned from Kabbalah. Practical Kabbalah was prohibited by the Arizal until the Temple in Jerusalem is rebuilt and the required state of ritual purity is attainable. Wikipedia: Kabbalah #644 ![]() |
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Dave Snowden clear, complicated, complex, chaotic, confusion Wikipedia: Cynefin framework #637 ![]() |
1999 | |||||
Public knowledge, such as textbooks and newspapers, which is codified and diffused. Proprietary knowledge, such as patents and official secrets, which is codified but not diffused. Here barriers to diffusion have to be set up. Personal knowledge, such as biographical knowledge, which is neither codified nor diffused. Common sense – i.e. what ‘everybody knows’, which is not codified but widely diffused. Wikipedia: I-Space (conceptual framework) #636 ![]() |
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Qualities of information which show that it is tied to a particular, local, concrete situation and a particular social group: Situated, local, emergent, contingent, embodied, vague, open. Joseph Goguen. Towards a Social, Ethical Theory of Information. #627 ![]() |
1997 | |||||
related to: major, minor, accent 60–30–10 Rule This is the ‘golden ratio’ for color proportions. The Rule comes from interior design; it works very well for UI design as it creates balance and helps the user to navigate with ease. Primary/main is used for 60% of the design. This neutral color gives room for the secondary and accent colors to stand out. The secondary is used for 30% of the design. This is a middle ground that compliments the primary and accent colors. When designing for a brand, this color tends to be the secondary color for the brand. The accent is used for 10% of the design. This helps ‘accessorize’ the site by giving pops of colors that keep the viewer’s attention. Shriya Chunduri. Understanding Color for UI Design. #626 ![]() |
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Michael Commons and Francis Richards in the early 1980s developed the model of hierarchical complexity (MHC) as a framework for scoring how complex a behavior is. The model has 17 stages. Wikipedia: Model of hierarchical complexity #622 ![]() |
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John Hughlings Jackson proposed three levels in the organization of the nervous system. • At the lowest level, movements were to be represented in their least complex form; such centres lie in the medulla and spinal cord. • The middle level consists of the so-called motor area of the cortex. 'Positive' symptoms were caused by the functional release of the lower centres. • The highest motor levels are found in the prefrontal area. The higher centres inhibited the lower ones and hence lesions thereat caused 'negative' symptoms (due to an absence of function). Wikipedia: John Hughlings Jackson #610 ![]() |
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• Frontal lobe: working memory, executive control, organizing goals and complex tasks, manipulation of memories • Parietal lobe: integrates modalities of sensory information, including spatial sense and navigation, sense of touch, inputs from the skin, body awareness, body map, language processing • Occipital lobe: visual processing, visual tasks • Temporal lobe: processing sensory input into derived meanings for the retention of visual memories, language comprehension, emotion association. Includes the hippocampus for forming new memories and learning new things. The limbic lobe and the insular cortex are also considered lobes of the brain. Wikipedia: Lobes of the brain #609 ![]() |
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mental illness: delirium, dementia, melancholia, mania (all other forms) John Cutting book on Psychopathology page 30 #608 ![]() |
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Max Scheler. Solidarity assumes two distinct types of responsibility: a responsibility for one’s own actions and a co-responsibility for the actions of others. Stanford: Max Scheler #605 ![]() |
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Max Scheler. Within the notion of the collective person, Scheler describes three different types: the state (or nation), culture (or people) and the church. The main difference between these three types is the range or extent of responsibility. Every citizen of the state is co-responsible for every other citizen, a limit defined by state or national borders (as well as recognized members of the citizenry). A culture is demarcated by the borders created by shared values, beliefs, and ideas. These borders are often more expansive than a state, but many different cultures can be found in a state. The church is the most expansive of the types of collective persons and includes all finite persons. It is the fullest realization of what Scheler calls “the love community” (Liebesgemeinschaft). The sense of solidarity concerns the salvation of all finite persons, past, present and future. Although these different types of collective persons can be ranked with respect to their related values (life, spirit, holy), they enjoy their own autonomy and Scheler insists upon a clear divide between not only church and state, but also culture and state.
Stanford: Max Scheler #604 ![]() |
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Max Scheler identifies four different types of communities The Herd Life Community Society Collective Person Stanford: Max Scheler #603 ![]() |
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Max Scheler. At least five different types of shared or co-feelings: Feeling with one another (Miteinanderfühlen) Vicarious feeling (Nachfühlen) Fellow feeling (Mitgefühl) Psychic Contagion (Gefühlansteckung) Identification (Einsfühlung) Stanford: Max Scheler #602 ![]() |
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Max Scheler, "Formalism in Ethics and Non-Formal Ethics of Values". From lowest to highest value modalities: sensual values of the agreeable and the disagreeable; vital values of the noble and vulgar; mental (psychic) values of the beautiful and ugly, right and wrong and truth and falsehood; values of the Holy and Unholy of the Divine and Idols. Wikipedia: Stratification of emotional life (Scheler) #600 ![]() |
1916 | |||||
Max Scheler, "Formalism in Ethics and Non-Formal Ethics of Values" At our most periphery we have sensible feelings (e.g., a tickle, an itch, a fragrance, a taste, pleasure, pain, hunger, thirst, intoxication…), which manifest in relative modes of joy and suffering. These feelings are shortest in duration, extended and localizable with reference to the lived-body, and are the most readily alterable and accessible through external means and stimuli. Next we have vital feelings or feeling states of the unitary lived-body which are experienced as a unified field or whole (e.g., comfort, health, vigor, strength, tiredness, illness, weakness, advancing age, phantom limb phenomenon…), and which manifest intentionally as fear and hope. The remaining two strata of the emotive map belongs to the realm of individual personhood because these emotions transcend (or at least exceed) the physical restrictions of lived-body and environment; they are the least subject to arbitrary alteration; and they are also by their very nature communicable and social in character. These are, first, the purely psychic feeling states or emotions having a characteristically ego-quality (e.g., euphoria, happiness, sympathy, enjoyment, sadness, sorrow, anger, jealousy…), and which manifest intentionally as empathy, preferring, loving, hating and willing.[17] As representing one’s prevalent mental disposition it is important to note that psychic feeling states are alterable though acts of free will, thought and positive social interactions. Finally, Scheler identifies spiritual feelings which differ sharply from personal psychic feeling states in that “all ego-states seem to be extinguished… [and such emotions] take possession of the whole of our being.”[18] (e.g., bliss, awe, wonder, catharsis, despair, shame, remorse, anxiety, pangs of conscience, grief…). These types of emotions overtake and overcome us, usually quite unexpectedly. We can not reason or will to produce such spiritual feelings. As positive experiences, we can only open our hearts and mind and hope that they find us. Wikipedia: Stratification of emotional life (Scheler) #599 ![]() |
1916 | |||||
Sartre and Merleau-Ponty body as world-determining agent "pour soi" body as a world-existing thing "en soi" Chapter 6 of Cutting #598 ![]() |
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Louis Sass
Madness and Modernism: Insanity in the Light of Modern Art, Literature, and Thought #597 ![]() |
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French philosopher Henri Bergson duality (influenced Cutting) #596 ![]() |
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Schopenhauer duality (influenced Cutting) #595 ![]() |
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Soviet psychologist Lev Vygotsky's posthumous book "Thinking and Speech" established the connection between speech and the development of mental concepts and awareness. Vygotsky described silent inner speech as being qualitatively different from verbal external speech, but both equally important. Vygotsky believed inner speech developed from external speech via a gradual process of "internalization" (i.e., transition from the external to the internal), with younger children only really able to "think out loud". He claimed that in its mature form, inner speech would not resemble spoken language as we know it (in particular, being greatly compressed). Hence, thought itself developed socially.
Inner speech, according to Vygotsky, develops through the accumulation of long-term functional and structural changes. It branches off from the child's external speech along with the differentiation of the social and egocentric functions of speech, and, finally, the speech functions acquired by the child become the main functions of his thinking. In this work, Vygotsky points out the genesis of the development of thinking and speech and that the relationship between them is not a constant value. But since we wanted to express all this in one short formula, in one sentence, we might put it thus: if at the beginning of development there stands the act, independent of the word, then at the end of it there stands the word which becomes the act, the word which makes man's action free. Wikipedia: Lev Vygotsky #590 ![]() |
1934 | |||||
Merleau-Ponty distinguishes between primary and secondary modes of expression. This distinction appears in Phenomenology of Perception (p. 207, 2nd note [Fr. ed.]) and is sometimes repeated in terms of spoken and speaking language (le langage parlé et le langage parlant) (The Prose of the World, p. 10). Spoken language (le langage parlé), or secondary expression, returns to the speaker's linguistic baggage and cultural heritage, as well as the brute mass of relationships between signs and significations. Speaking language (le langage parlant), or primary expression, such as it is, is language in the production of a sense, language at the advent of a thought, at the moment where it makes itself an advent of sense. Wikipedia: Maurice Merleau-Ponty #588 ![]() |
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foursome Maurice Merleau-Ponty Phenomenology of Perception The essential partiality of the view of things, their being given only in a certain perspective and at a certain moment in time does not diminish their reality, but on the contrary establishes it, as there is no other way for things to be copresent in the world and with other things than through such "Abschattungen" (sketches, faint outlines, adumbrations). The thing transcends perception, but is manifest precisely by presenting itself to a range of possible views. The object of perception is immanently tied to its background—to the nexus of meaningful relations among objects within the world. Because the object is inextricably within the world of meaningful relations, each object reflects the other (much in the style of Leibniz's monads). Through involvement in the world – being-in-the-world – the perceiver tacitly experiences all the perspectives upon that object coming from all the surrounding things of its environment, as well as the potential perspectives that that object has upon the beings around it. Each object is a "mirror of all others". The perception of the object through all perspectives is not that of a propositional, or clearly delineated, perception; rather, it is an ambiguous perception founded upon the body's primordial involvement and understanding of the world and of the meanings that constitute the landscape's perceptual Gestalt. Only after an integration within the environment so as to perceive objects as such can attention be turned toward particular objects within the landscape so as to define them more clearly. This attention, however, does not operate by clarifying what is already seen, but by constructing a new Gestalt oriented toward a particular object. Because the bodily involvement with things is always provisional and indeterminate, meaningful things are encountered in a unified though ever open-ended world. Wikipedia: Maurice Merleau-Ponty #584 ![]() |
1945 | |||||
According to Meher Baba, each soul pursues conscious divinity by evolving; that is, experiencing itself in a succession of imagined forms through seven "kingdoms" of stone/metal, vegetable, worm, fish, bird, animal, and human.[117] The soul identifies itself with each successive form, becoming thus tied to illusion. During this evolution of forms, the power of thought increases, until in human form thought becomes infinite. Although in human form, the soul is capable of conscious divinity, all the impressions that it has gathered during evolution are illusory ones that create a barrier against the soul knowing itself. For this barrier to be overcome, further births in human form are needed in a process known as reincarnation.The soul will reach a stage where its previously gathered impressions grow thin or weak enough that it enters a final stage called involution. This stage also requires a series of human births, during which the soul begins an inner journey, by which it realises its true identity as God. Wikipedia: Meher Baba #581 ![]() |
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three minds Ralph Waldo Emerson Wikipedia: The Over Soul Ralph Waldo Emerson. The Over-Soul. #579 ![]() |
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onesome Wikipedia: Paramatman #578 ![]() |
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Seven levels of consciousness: (i) deep sleep; (ii) dreaming; (iii) waking; (iv) transcendental consciousness; (v) cosmic consciousness; (vi) God consciousness; and, (vii) unity consciousness Wikipedia: Transcendental Meditation #575 ![]() |
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Consciousness researcher David R. Hawkins (1927-2012) Power vs. Force From low to high, the levels of consciousness are: shame, guilt, apathy, grief, fear, desire, anger, pride, courage, neutrality, willingness, acceptance, reason, love, joy, peace, enlightenment. Usually there’s a predominant “normal” state for us Steve Pavlina. Levels of Consciousness. #571 ![]() |
1994 | |||||
The Nine Consciousness is a concept in Buddhism, specifically in Nichiren Buddhism, that theorizes there are nine levels that comprise a person's experience of life. It fundamentally draws on how people's physical bodies react to the external world, then considers the inner workings of the mind which result in a person's actions. the five senses (touch, taste, sight, hearing, smell The sixth consciousness is when one learns to understand what is being taken in from the five senses. This is the level that integrates all the sensory input gathered by the first five levels.[6] It achieves this by processing all the data and information, then identifies what is communicated. Wikipedia: The Nine Consciousness #568 ![]() |
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pinball wizard | religious teachings | inner psyche | Meher Baba Wikipedia: Tommy (The Who) #567 ![]() |
1969 | ||
God Speaks: The Theme of Creation and Its Purpose Wikipedia: Meher Baba Wikipedia: God Speaks #566 ![]() |
1955 | |||||
Every phenomenon can be experienced in two ways. These two ways are
not arbitrary, but are bound
its
up with the phenomenon—developing out of
The Outer
and
the Inner
nature and characteristics:
Externally
— —inwardly.
or
The street can be observed through the windowpane, which diminishes its
sounds so that its movements become phantom-like. The street itself, as
seen through the transparent (yet hard and firm) pane seems set apart,
existing
and pulsating as if "beyond."
As soon as we open the door, step out of the seclusion and plunge into
the outside reality, we become an active part of this reality and experi-
ence its pulsation with all our senses. The constantly changing grades of
tonality and tempo of the sounds wind themselves about us, rise spirally
and, suddenly, collapse. Likewise, the movements envelop us by a play of
horizontal
and
vertical lines
bending
in
different directions,
as colour-
patches pile up and dissolve into high or low tonalities.
The work of Art mirrors itself upon the surface of our consciousness. How-
ever, its image extends beyond, to vanish from the surface without a trace
when the sensation has subsided. A certain transparent, but definite glass-
like partition,
abolishing direct contact from within, seems to exist here
as well. Here, too, exists the possibility of entering art's message, to participate actively, and to experience its pulsating-life with all one's senses. Wassily Kandinsky. From Point and Line to Plane.page 17 #565 ![]() |
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variation, heredity, natural selection, evolution Peter D. Turney. Conditions for Major Transitions in Biological and Cultural Evolution. #559 ![]() |
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Timothy Leary bio-survival, emotional-territorial, time-binding semantic, social-sexual, neurosomatic, neuroelectric, neurogenetic, neuro-atomic Robert Anton Wilson. Timothy Leary's 8 Circuits of Consciousness #558 ![]() |
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missing the big picture by focusing on boundaries, underestimating differences between cases in the same category, overestimating differences between cases in different categories Robert Sapolsky. The Dangers of Categorical Thinking! #556 ![]() |
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CJ Fearnley ideas, material culture, social structures, experiences #555 ![]() |
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CJ Fearnley broadly, deeply #554 ![]() |
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CJ Fearnley comprehensivity #553 ![]() |
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macro-comprehensive, micro-intensive Buckminster Fuller #552 ![]() |
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gravity, radiation Buckminster Fuller #551 ![]() |
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tension, compression Buckminster Fuller #549 ![]() |
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tuned-out, tuned-in Buckminster Fuller #548 ![]() |
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mind, brain Buckminster Fuller #547 ![]() |
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angle, frequency Buckminster Fuller #546 ![]() |
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Susan Sniader Lanser spatial, temporal, psychological, phraseological, ideological Wikipedia: Narration: Literary theory #545 ![]() |
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Boris Uspenskij spatial, temporal, psychological, phraseological, ideological Wikipedia: Narration: Literary theory #544 ![]() |
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singular, iterative, repetitive, multiple Wikipedia: Gérard Genette #543 ![]() |
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intra-diegetic, extra-diegetic Wikipedia: Gérard Genette #542 ![]() |
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Dave Gray beliefs, conclusions, assumptions, needs, experiences Dave Gray. Liminal thinking. The pyramid of belief. #541 ![]() |
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Nigel Green, Carl Bate: information systems value, policies, events, content, trust Wikipedia: VPEC-T #540 ![]() |
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Zeus, Poseidon, Hades Wikipedia: Hades #539 ![]() |
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developmental biology endoderm, mesoderm, ectoderm Wikipedia: Germ layer #538 ![]() |
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Iain McGilchrist science, reason, intuition, imagination Wikipedia: The Matter with Things #537 ![]() |
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scalar motion Dewey Larson The Dewey B. Larson Memorial Research Center #536 ![]() |
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artificial intelligence applications classifiers, controllers Wikipedia: Artificial intelligence: Classifiers ans statistical learning methods #535 ![]() |
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resemblence, contiguity, cause and effect Wikipedia: David Hume #533 ![]() |
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difference between God and individual souls, between God and matter, between individual souls, between individual souls and matter, between types of matter Wikipedia: Dvaita Vedanta #531 ![]() |
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ultimate reality, dependent reality Wikipedia: Dvaita Vedanta #530 ![]() |
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Advaita Wikipedia: Ātman (Hinduism) #529 ![]() |
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desire, will, deed, destiny Brihadaranyaka Upanishad Wikipedia: Karma #528 ![]() |
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truth, opinion Wikipedia: Parmenides #527 ![]() |
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twosome unity of opposites, flux Wikipedia: Heraclitus #526 ![]() |
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first principle | Aristotle first principle Wikipedia: First principle #525 ![]() |
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twosome Peter Unger absolute, relative Wikipedia: Absolute and relative terms #524 ![]() |
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provisional truth, ultimate truth Wikipedia: Two truths doctrine #523 ![]() |
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emptiness | emptiness Mahāyāna Buddhism Wikipedia: Śūnyatā #522 ![]() |
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image, sensation, perception, prejudice, discernment Wikipedia: Skandha #521 ![]() |
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Buddha, Dharma, Sangha Wikipedia: Refuge in Buddhism #520 ![]() |
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logical form | logical form Ludwig Wittgenstein 1 Wikipedia: Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus #519 ![]() |
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distinction G.Spencer-Brown Wikipedia: Laws of Form #518 ![]() |
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description Ludwig Wittgenstein 2 Wikipedia: Ludwig Wittgenstein #517 ![]() |
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nullsome Book of Revelation (verses 1:8, 21:6, and 22:13) "I am the Alpha and the Omega, the Beginning and the End,” says the Lord, “who is and who was and who is to come. Wikipedia: Alpha and Omega #514 ![]() |
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In classical statistical mechanics, the H-theorem, introduced by Ludwig Boltzmann in 1872, describes the tendency to decrease in the quantity H (defined below) in a nearly-ideal gas of molecules. As this quantity H was meant to represent the entropy of thermodynamics, the H-theorem was an early demonstration of the power of statistical mechanics as it claimed to derive the second law of thermodynamics—a statement about fundamentally irreversible processes—from reversible microscopic mechanics. It is thought to prove the second law of thermodynamics, albeit under the assumption of low-entropy initial conditions. Wikipedia: H-theorem #512 ![]() |
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The International System of Units comprises a coherent system of units of measurement starting with seven base units, which are the second (symbol s, the unit of time), metre (m, length), kilogram (kg, mass), ampere (A, electric current), kelvin (K, thermodynamic temperature), mole (mol, amount of substance), and candela (cd, luminous intensity). Wikipedia: International System of Units #506 ![]() |
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Aristotle passive intellect, active intellect Wikipedia: Active intellect #502 ![]() |
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Ancient Egypt khet, sah, ren, ba, ka, ib, shut, sekhem, akh, hr Ancient Egyptian conception of the soul #501 ![]() |
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Aristotle Nous, he states, is the source of the first principles or sources (archai) of definitions, and it develops naturally as people gain experience.[24] This he explains after first comparing the four other truth revealing capacities of soul: technical know how (technē), logically deduced knowledge (epistēmē, sometimes translated as "scientific knowledge"), practical wisdom (phronēsis), and lastly theoretical wisdom (sophia), which is defined by Aristotle as the combination of nous and epistēmē. All of these others apart from nous are types of reason (logos). Wikipedia: Nous #500 ![]() |
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foursome Aristotle body (soma) soul (psyche) mind (nous) In the philosophy of Aristotle the soul (psyche) of a body is what makes it alive, and is its actualized form; thus, every living thing, including plant life, has a soul. The mind or intellect (nous) can be described variously as a power, faculty, part, or aspect of the human soul. For Aristotle, soul and nous are not the same. He did not rule out the possibility that nous might survive without the rest of the soul, as in Plato, but he specifically says that this immortal nous does not include any memories or anything else specific to an individual's life. In his Generation of Animals Aristotle specifically says that while other parts of the soul come from the parents, physically, the human nous, must come from outside, into the body, because it is divine or godly, and it has nothing in common with the energeia of the body. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nous #498 ![]() |
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twosome René Descartes mental, physical Wikipedia: Mind-body dualism #497 ![]() |
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cratylus_(dialogue) Socrates is asked by two men, Cratylus and Hermogenes, to tell them whether names are "conventional" or "natural", that is, whether language is a system of arbitrary signs or whether words have an intrinsic relation to the things they signify. #494 ![]() |
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Map–territory_relation #493 ![]() |
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Hartmut Stöckl described the Organon model as a semiotic model, comparing it to Aristotle's triad of pathos, logos, and ethos. He wrote:
[Bühler’s] model acknowledges “the essential rhetorical fact that any sign use must in effect express the ethos of the rhetor, represent their rational take on the world (logos) and appeal to the emotional mindset of an envisaged audience (pathos).” Wikipedia: Organon model Hartmut Stöckl. Bold and impactful: a reappraisal of Gunther Kress's (social) semiotic legacy in the light of current multimodality research Pflaeging, Jana; Stöckl, Hartmut. "Tracing The Shapes of Multimodal Rhetoric: Showing the Epistemic Powers of Visualization August 2021. #492 ![]() |
2023 | |||||
Karl Bühler expressive function (Ausdrucksfunktion) representation function (Darstellungsfunktion) conative function (appealing function)(Appellfunktion) Karl Bühler used the Cratylus of Plato as the basis for his remarks. Here, Socrates refers to the word as an Ancient Greek: ὄργανον, romanized: órganon, lit. 'instrument, tool, organ', and thus to language as a whole as a tool, with which a person can communicate something to others about things. Bühler described this relationship as a 'three-foundations scheme': oneself - to the other - about things (einer - dem anderen - über die Dinge). Wikipedia: Organonm model #491 ![]() |
1934 | |||||
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Roman Jakobson Six factors and functions of language context: referential function message: poetic function sender: emotive function receiver: conative function channel: phatic function code: metalingual function Wikipedia: Jakobson's functions of language Roman Jakobson. Closing statements: Linguistics and Poetics #490 ![]() |
1960 | ||||
Jürgen Habermas truth, rightness, truthfulness Stanford: Jürgen Habermas #489 ![]() |
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Thomas Aquinas truth, unity, beauty, goodness Wikipedia: Thomas Aquinas #488 ![]() |
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implicit learning, explicit learning Wikipedia: Implicit learning #487 ![]() |
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Edmund Husserl retention, immediate present, protention Wikipedia: Retention and protention #486 ![]() |
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The whole universe of science is built upon the world as directly experienced, and if we want to subject science itself to rigorous scrutiny and arrive at a precise assessment of its meaning and scope, we must begin by reawakening the basic experience of the world of which science is the second-order expression" (Merleau-Ponty, The phenomenology of perception as quoted by Thompson, p. 165). In this interpretation, enactivism asserts that science is formed or enacted as part of humankind's interactivity with its world, and by embracing phenomenology "science itself is properly situated in relation to the rest of human life and is thereby secured on a sounder footing. Thomas Baldwin (2003). "Part One: Merleau-Ponty's prospectus of his work". Maurice Merleau-Ponty: Basic Writings. Routledge. p. 65. ISBN 978-0415315869. Science has not and never will have, by its nature, the same significance qua form of being as the world which we perceive, for the simple reason that it is a rationale or explanation of that world. Evan Thompson (2007). "Life can be known only by life". Mind in life Wikipedia: Enactivism #482 ![]() |
1945 | |||||
Using the term autopoiesis, they argue that any closed system that has autonomy, self-reference and self-construction (or, that has autopoietic activities) has cognitive capacities. Maturana, Humberto R., Varela, Francisco (1980). Autopoiesis and cognition: the realization of the living Wikipedia: Enactivism #481 ![]() |
1980 | |||||
Bruner and Leo Postman showed slower reaction times and less accurate answers when a deck of playing cards reversed the color of the suit symbol for some cards (e.g. red spades and black hearts).[18] These series of experiments issued in what some called the 'New Look' psychology, which challenged psychologists to study not just an organism's response to a stimulus, but also its internal interpretation.
Wikipedia: Jerome Bruner Jerome S. Bruner and Leo Postman. On the Perception of Incongruity: A Paradigm" Suzan Michele Bourgion. Encyclopedia of World Biography. Jerome Bruner. #480 ![]() |
1949 | |||||
In The Tree of Knowledge Maturana & Varela proposed the term enactive "to evoke the view of knowledge that what is known is brought forth, in contraposition to the more classical views of either cognitivism or connectionism. They see enactivism as providing a middle ground between the two extremes of representationalism and solipsism. They seek to "confront the problem of understanding how our existence-the praxis of our living- is coupled to a surrounding world which appears filled with regularities that are at every instant the result of our biological and social histories.... to find a via media: to understand the regularity of the world we are experiencing at every moment, but without any point of reference independent of ourselves that would give certainty to our descriptions and cognitive assertions. Indeed the whole mechanism of generating ourselves, as describers and observers tells us that our world, as the world which we bring forth in our coexistence with others, will always have precisely that mixture of regularity and mutability, that combination of solidity and shifting sand, so typical of human experience when we look at it up close."[Tree of Knowledge, p. 241] Wikipedia: Enactivism Humberto R Maturana, Francisco J Varela. "Afterword". The tree of knowledge: the biological roots of human understanding #479 ![]() |
1992 | |||||
As described by Mark Rowlands, mental processes are: Embodied involving more than the brain, including a more general involvement of bodily structures and processes. Embedded functioning only in a related external environment. Enacted involving not only neural processes, but also things an organism does. Extended into the organism's environment. Wikipedia: Enactivism Mark Rowlands. Chapter 3: The mind embedded §5 The mind enacted". The new science of the mind: From extended mind to embodied phenomenology. #478 ![]() |
2010 | |||||
What is it to be a (cognizing, conscious) agent?" It is:
1. to be a biologically autonomous (autopoietic) organism 2. to generate significance or meaning, rather than to act via...updated internal representations of the external world 3. to engage in sense-making via dynamic coupling with the environment 4. to 'enact' or 'bring forth' a world of significances by mutual co-determination of the organism with its enacted world 5. to arrive at an experiential awareness via lived embodiment in the world. Wikipedia: Enactivism Steve Torrance, Tom Froese. An Inter-Enactive Approach to Agency: Participatory Sense-Making, Dynamics, and Sociality #477 ![]() |
2011 | |||||
twosome compare, contrast Wikipedia: Essay: Compare and contrast #474 ![]() |
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Sigmund Freud conscious, preconscious, unconscious Wikipedia: Id, ego and superego #473 ![]() |
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Henry Potter, Kevin Mitchell thermodynamic autonomy, persistence, endogenous activity, holistic integration, low‐level indeterminacy, multiple realisability, historicity, agent‐level normativity Henry Potter, Kevin Mitchell. Naturalising Agent Causation #472 ![]() |
2022 | |||||
Aristotle excess, mean, deficiency Wikipedia: Golden mean (philosophy) #471 ![]() |
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twosome Kabbalah God in essence, God in manifestation Wikipedia: Kabbalah #469 ![]() |
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foursome Kabbalah literal, allusive, allegorical, mystical Wikipedia: Four senses of Scripture #468 ![]() |
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Origen literal, moral, spiritual Wikipedia: Four senses of Scripture #467 ![]() |
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foursome Augustine of Hippo literal, allegorical, tropological, anagogical Wikipedia: Four senses of Scripture #466 ![]() |
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foursome Peshat, Remez, Derash, Sod Wikipedia: Pardes (exegesis) #465 ![]() |
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George Gurdjieff waking sleep, higher state of consciousness Wikipedia: George Gurdjieff #463 ![]() |
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George Gurdjieff, Peter Ouspensky self-remembering, self-observation, non-expression of negative emotions Wikipedia: P. D. Ouspensky #462 ![]() |
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George Gurdjieff, Peter Ouspensky Way of the Fakir (body), Way of the Monk (emotions), Way of the Yogi (mind), Fourth Way (harmony) Wikipedia: P. D. Ouspensky #461 ![]() |
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Buckminster Fuller universal events within system, universal events outside system, universal events before system, universal events after system, the system's events, universe's events coinciding with system events Buckminster Fuller. Synergetics. 400.011 #460 ![]() |
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twosome synergetic, energetic Buckminster Fuller. Synergetics. 326.02 #459 ![]() |
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twosome metaphysical, physical Buckminster Fuller. Synergetics. 326.01 #458 ![]() |
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Project management cost, scope, time Wikipedia: Project management triangle #455 ![]() |
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Gordon Adams Congress, Bureaucracy, Interest Group Wikipedia: Iron Triangle (US politics) #454 ![]() |
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William Blake Urizen, Tharmas, Luvah/Orc, Urthona/Los Wikipedia: Albion (Blake) #453 ![]() |
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#451 ![]() |
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Peter Turney variation, heredity, natural selection, fission, fusion, cooperation Peter D. Turney. Conditions for Major Transitions in Biological and Cultural Evolution #448 ![]() |
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project, area, resource, archive Forte Labs. The PARA Method: The Simple System for Organizing Your Digital Life in Seconds #447 ![]() |
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Jürgen Habermas constative, regulative, expressive Stanford: Jürgen Habermas #446 ![]() |
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Sergi Avaliani prescientific, scientific, philosophical Sergi Avaliani. Philosophy of the Pseudoabsolute #445 ![]() |
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Sergi Avaliani phenomena, special essences, substance Sergi Avaliani. Philosophy of the Pseudoabsolute #444 ![]() |
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Sergi Avaliani notions, concepts, philosophical categories Sergi Avaliani. Philosophy of the Pseudoabsolute #443 ![]() |
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Sergi Avaliani relative, absolute, pseudoabsolute Sergi Avaliani. Philosophy of the Pseudoabsolute #442 ![]() |
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Sergi Avaliani artificially absolutized relative, universalization of a fundamental feature, limited absolute Sergi Avaliani. Philosophy of the Pseudoabsolute #441 ![]() |
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Geert Hofstede power distance, individualism vs. collectivism, uncertainty avoidance, motivation towards achievement and success, long-term orientation vs. short-term orientation, indulgence vs. restraint Wikipedia: Hofstede's cultural dimensions theory #440 ![]() |
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demiurge | Plotinus demiurge Wikipedia: Neoplatonism: Demiurge or nous #439 ![]() |
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nous | Plotinus nous Wikipedia: Neoplatonism: Demiurge or nous #438 ![]() |
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Plotinus Wikipedia: Neoplatonism: The One #437 ![]() |
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ground | Ground
Wikipedia: Perennial philosophy: Aldous Huxley and mystical universalism #436 ![]() |
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idea of being Wikipedia: Antonio Rosmini #434 ![]() |
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twosome traditional Chinese architecture female guardian lion, male guardian lion Wikipedia: Chinese guardian lions #432 ![]() |
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Gary Richmond process, order, representation, analysis, determination, aspiration Wikipedia: Trikonic #431 ![]() |
2005 | |||||
Ben Udell earlier, just now, almost now, later Ben Udell. Special relativity's light cone & the mind's temporal perspectives #429 ![]() |
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Process of Change Model late status quo, chaos, practice and integration, new status quo Wikipedia: Virginia Satir #428 ![]() |
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#426 ![]() |
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Robert Dilts environment, behavior, capability, beliefs, identity, spirituality Skills You Need. Dilts' Logical Levels. #425 ![]() |
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Sherry Arnstein manipulation, therapy, informing, consultation, placation, partnership, delegated power, citizen control Organizing Engagement. Ladder of Citizen Participation #424 ![]() |
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Carl Jung thinking, feeling, intuition, sensation Wikipedia: Jungian cognitive functions #423 ![]() |
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Carl Jung personality theory extraversion, intraversion Wikipedia: Extraversion and introversion #422 ![]() |
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Carl Jung personality theory extraversion, intraversion Wikipedia: Extraversion and introversion #421 ![]() |
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Lawrence Kohlberg pre-conventional, conventional, post-conventional Lawrence Kohlberg's stages of moral development #420 ![]() |
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Stanley Smith Stevens nominal, ordinal, interval, ratio Wikipedia: Level of measurement #418 ![]() |
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Robert Harris, Lila Pine creative thinking, critical thinking, ecological thinking Research for Experience Design. Question of the Week. What is ecological thinking? #416 ![]() |
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Chris Fields an action that asks a question, a thing/being to whom the question is addressed, a shared language to ask the question in Chris Fields. Physics as Information Processing: Lecture 2. #415 ![]() |
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twosome forbidden, allowed Wikipedia: Everything which is not forbidden #413 ![]() |
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traditional Chinese medicine 风 wind, 寒 cold, 火 fire/heat, 湿 dampness, 燥 dryness, 暑 summerheat Wikipedia: Traditional Chinese medicine: Six Excesses #412 ![]() |
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traditional Chinese metaphysics 木 mù wood, 火 huǒ fire, 土 tǔ earth, 金 jīn metal, 水 shuǐ water Wikipedia: Wuxing (Chinese philosophy) #411 ![]() |
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traditional Chinese medicine liver and gall bladder, heart and small intestine, spleen and stomach, lung and large intestine, kidney and bladder Wikipedia: Zangfu #410 ![]() |
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libertarian extension, ecologic extension, conservation ethics Wikipedia: Environmental ethics #409 ![]() |
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Erich Fromm automaton conformity, authoritarianism, destructiveness Wikipedia: Erich Fromm #407 ![]() |
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Erich Fromm transcendence, rootedness, sense of identity, frame of orientation, excitation and stimulation, unity, effectiveness Wikipedia: Erich Fromm #406 ![]() |
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Erich Fromm receptive, exploitative, hoarding, marketing, productive Wikipedia: Character orientation #405 ![]() |
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Erich Fromm having, being Wikipedia: To Have or to Be #404 ![]() |
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Tyler Goldstein inside, outside, separate, oneness Tyler Goldstein. Overview: Sentient Singularity Theory. #403 ![]() |
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Gregory Bateson thought, perception, action Ben Goertzel. One the Algebraic Structure of Consciousness #402 ![]() |
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Jonathan Haidt care/harm, fairness/cheating, loyalty/betrayal, authority/subversion, sanctity/degradation, liberty/oppression Wikipedia: The Righteous Mind Wikipedia: Moral foundations theory #401 ![]() |
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Arnold van Gennep preliminary, liminal, post-liminal Wikipedia: Arnold van Gennep #400 ![]() |
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Martin Hollis agents, actors, systems, games James Moody. Class 2: Epistemological & Methodological Foundations for Social Theory. #399 ![]() |
2007 | |||||
Geert Hofstede masculinity, femininity Wikipedia: Hofstede's cultural dimensions theory #398 ![]() |
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foursome unconscious incompetence, conscious incompetence, conscious competence, unconscious competence Wikipedia: Four stages of competence #397 ![]() |
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Jean Piaget assimilation, accomodation Wikipedia: Piaget's theory of cognitive development #393 ![]() |
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Jean Piaget assimilation, accomodation Wikipedia: Piaget's theory of cognitive development #392 ![]() |
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Jean Piaget operative intelligence, figurative intelligence Wikipedia: Piaget's theory of cognitive development #391 ![]() |
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Jean Piaget transformations, states Wikipedia: Piaget's theory of cognitive development #390 ![]() |
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Jean Piaget sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, formal operational Wikipedia: Piaget's theory of cognitive development #389 ![]() |
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Arthur Koestler holon Wikipedia: Holon (philosophy) #388 ![]() |
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James Fowler primal or undifferentiated, intuitive-projective, mythic-literal, synthetic-conventional, individuative-reflective, conjunctive, universalizing Wikipedia: James W. Fowler #386 ![]() |
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Sigmund Freud oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital Wikipedia: Psychosexual development #385 ![]() |
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Thomas Aquinas being, thing, one, something, good, true Wikipedia: Transcendentals | ]] || Aquinas || #384 ![]() |
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Plato absolute good, right measure, beauty, reason, true opinions, pure pleasures Wikipedia: Philebus #383 ![]() |
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one, true, good Stanford: Medieval Theories of Transcendentals #382 ![]() |
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William James material self, social self, spiritual self, pure ego Wikipedia: William James: James' theory of the self #381 ![]() |
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John Bargh awareness, intentionality, efficiency, controllability Wikipedia: Dual process theory #380 ![]() |
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William James ineffability, noetic quality, transciency, passivity Wikipedia: William James #379 ![]() |
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William James chance, choice Wikipedia: William James #378 ![]() |
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William James ideals, propensities Wikipedia: William James #377 ![]() |
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William James matters of fact, relations of ideas, the entire set of other truths to which we are committed Wikipedia: William James #376 ![]() |
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William James matters of fact, relations of ideas, the entire set of other truths to which we are committed Wikipedia: William James #375 ![]() |
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Baruch Spinoza actions, passions Stanford: Baruch Spinoza #374 ![]() |
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distinction George Spencer-Brown. Laws of Form. #373 ![]() |
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available, accessible, applicable Wikipedia: Heuristic-systematic model of information processing #372 ![]() |
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Evans, Over, Handley singularity principle, relevance principle, satisficing principle Jonathan St.B.T.Evans. The heuristic-analytic theory of reasoning: Extension and evaluation #371 ![]() |
2006 | |||||
Hinduism sattva, rajas, tamas sattva (goodness, calmness, harmonious) rajas (passion, activity, movement) tamas (ignorance, inertia, laziness) Wikipedia: Guṇa #370 ![]() |
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Immanuel Kant ultimate questions: God, freedom, immortality #369 ![]() |
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universal unity of being Wikipedia: Eleatics #368 ![]() |
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oneness Wikipedia: Henosis #367 ![]() |
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left adjoint | right adjoint | adjunction Many of these axioms occur in opposite pairs as left and right adjoints to a common functor: falsity and truth as left and right adjoints to the terminal functor, disjunction and conjunction as left and right adjoints to the diagonal functor (indeed, discreteness and codiscreteness (total continuitity) as the left and right adjoint of the underlying set functor of a space, which Lawvere would later use to axiomatize what it means to be a category of spaces). This is where we return to Hegel, because the fundamental guiding principle in Hegel's objective logic is the "unity of opposites." The basic idea of a unity of opposites is that in order to entertain any idea, you need to be able to entertain its opposite; otherwise, your idea is vacuous in the sense that it could apply to anything. In fact, Hegel's first unity of opposites is just that: the unity of the opposition between vacuity (applying to nothing) and tautology (applying to anything). Math Stack Exchange. Can you explain Lawvere's work on Hegel to someone who knows basic category theory? #366 ![]() |
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objective logic (thinking about thinking) and subjective logic (thinking about other things) #365 ![]() |
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https://ncatlab.org/nlab/show/Science+of+Logic #364 ![]() |
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Kent Peacock distinguished three kinds of ecological fitness, which define survival in terms of interactions between organisms and environments. They are the abilities to: • compete, • cooperate, • construct, Kent A. Peacock. The three faces of ecological fitness. Studies in History and Philosophy of Biological and Biomedical Sciences 42 (2011) 99-105 #358 ❤️LW ![]() |
2011 | |||||
when to produce | what to produce and what quantities | how to produce | how the output will be distributed | foursome Paul Samuelson. 1980 edition of Economics. What kinds and quantities of goods shall be produced How goods shall be produced How the output will be distributed When to produce w #356 ![]() |
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twosome Nietzche: "the entire doctrine of the Will the most fateful falsification in psychology hitherto ... essentially invented for the sake of punishment" (quoted by Hannah Arendt in Willing) #354 ![]() |
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twosome John Stuart Mill: ...our internal consciousness tells us that we have a power, which the whole outward experience of the human race tells us that we never use. (quoted by Hannah Arendt in Willing) #353 ![]() |
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vida activa (The Human Condition - labor, work, action), vida contemplativa (The Life of the Mind - thinking, willing, judging) #351 ![]() |
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things, properties, relations Stanford: Hermann Lotze #350 ![]() |
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Lotze, Leibniz esoteric, exoteric Wikipedia: Hermann Lotze #349 ![]() |
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technical analysis, fundamental analysis Wikipedia: Technical analysis #348 ![]() |
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growth investing, value investing Wikipedia: Growth investing #347 ![]() |
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St.Thomas Aquinas causa fiendi, causa essendi #346 ![]() |
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Friedrich Nietzsche confusing cause and consequence, false causality, imaginary causes, free will #345 ![]() |
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Francis Bacon syllogism, induction Wikipedia: Novum Organum #344 ![]() |
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air, fire, water, earth Wikipedia: Classical element: Hellenistic philosophy #342 ![]() |
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information integration theory IIT Wiki. Axioms & Postulates. exists, intrinsic, specific, unitary, definite, structured #341 ![]() |
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rhetoric ethos (speaker), pathos (audience), logos (message) #340 ![]() |
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creator | preserver | destroyer | threesome creator (Mahasaraswati), preserver (Mahalakshmi), destroyer (Mahakali) Wikipedia: Tridevi #338 ![]() |
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salesman | networker | maven | threesome Malcolm Gladwell maven, networker, salesman #337 ![]() |
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Confucius seriousness, generosity, sincerity, diligence, kindness #336 ![]() |
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faith, hope, love 1st Corinthians 13 #334 ![]() |
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Father, Son, Holy Spirit Wikipedia: Trinity #333 ![]() |
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deduction, induction, abduction Wikipedia: Abductive reasoning #332 ![]() |
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Yoshimi and Jon Brett energise, solidify, unify, transform Emergently.net #330 ![]() |
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mother | father | child | three minds R.Buckminster Fuller Synergetics 1200.00 father, mother, child #329 ![]() |
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foursome Įsisąmonijimas - ar, abdukcija - koks, dedukcija - kaip, indukcija - kodėl, išsidėsto kaip kad Yoneda įdėties atžvilgiu. #326 ![]() |
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foursome Lacan: Real, imaginary, symbolic. #323 ![]() |
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foursome [[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DIKW_pyramid | DIKW pyramid]] Data, information, knowledge, wisdom. [[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milan_Zeleny | Milan Zeleny]] tai susiejo su nieko nežinojimu, kažko žinojimu, betko žinojimu, visko žinojimu. Žr.[[Helmut Leitner]]. #322 ![]() |
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foursome Heidegger * kaip yra vienas nurodantis (referential) ryšys "įrankis" (equipment) (siūlas), Dasein rūpestis * kodėl yra visi nurodantys ryšiai "manifold is concern" #321 ![]() |
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foursome Whatness ([[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quiddity | quiddity]], [[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Essence | essence]] - palyginti su "kodėl") and thatness (whether - existence) #320 ![]() |
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foursome Buddha’s teachings on the four brahma-viharas, the divine abodes or boundless states, comprising kindness, compassion, sympathetic joy, and equanimity. #319 ![]() |
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foursome [[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/After-action_review | After Action Review]] (Wikipedia) a structured review or de-brief (debriefing) process for analyzing what happened, why it happened, and how it can be done better by the participants and those responsible for the project or event. #316 ![]() |
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foursome Ar (kūnas). Koks (neocortex - protas), limbic (no language): kaip (širdis?), kodėl (valia?) - išradingi vadovai Reverse the order of information. Speak out from the nonlingual, decision making part of the brain. Simon Sinek. How Great Leaders Inspire Action #314 ![]() |
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foursome [[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transcendentals | Transcendentals]] Beauty, Goodness, Truth. In Plato's Symposium the following passage suggests their correct order: "The true order of going is to use the beauties of the earth as steps along which to mount upwards for the sake of that other beauty: from fair forms to fair practices, and from fair practices to fair notions until he arrives at the idea of absolute beauty." #313 ![]() |
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foursome Dievas - ar, Sat - koks, Cit - kaip, Ananda (palaima, jos ryšiai) - kodėl. #312 ![]() |
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foursome Benedetto Croce Kodėl - gėris - etika. Kaip - nauda - ekonomika. Koks - grožis - estetika. Ar - tiesa - filosofija. Antanas Andrijauskas: Dvasia Kročei yra žmonijos gyvenimas, jos istorija, tiksliau, jos dvasinio gyvenimo istorija. Šis vientisas dvasinis pradas Kročės filosofijoje reiškiasi dviem skirtingomis formomis - teorine ir praktine. Teorine forma žmogus pažįsta pasaulį, o praktine jį keičia. Teorinė forma savo ruožtu skyla į intuityvią, arba, kaip Kročė ją vadina, estetinę ir konceptualią, arba filosofinę, tikrovės pažinimo formą. O praktinė forma skyla į ekonominę ir etinę. Šios keturios tikrovės pažinimo formos neohėgeliškoje Kročės filosofinėje sistemoje virsta savarankiškais mokslais - estetika, filosofija, ekonomika, etika, kuriuos atitinka tokios pagrindinės kategorijos: grožis, tiesa, nauda ir gėris. Taip galėčiau glaustai apibūdinti hėgeliškąją jo filosofinę orientaciją. [Nuo Kierkegoro iki Kamiu, ps.170] #311 ![]() |
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foursome Split brain patients - questions of "what" vs. "why", see Gazzaniga Brain Science Podcast. Gazzaniga. #310 ![]() |
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foursome Būties sakymo tinkamumas, kaip tiesos likimas, yra pirmasis mąstymo dėsnis, bet ne logikos taisyklė, kuri, beje, gali tapti taisykle tik pagal dėsnį. Kreipti dėmesį į mąstančiojo sakymo tinkamumą reiškia ne tik tai, kad mes kiekvienąsyk apmąstome, ką ir kaip reikia sakyti apie būtį. Ne mažiau svarbu yra apmąstyti, ar, kiek, kokią būties istorijos akimirką, kokiame dialoge ir kodėl tai turi būti išsakyta. [Heidegeris, Apie humanizmą, vertė Arvydas Šliogeris, Nuo Kierkegoro iki Kamiu, ps.130] #309 ![]() |
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foursome Gilumas yra tai, kiek daikte atsispindi kitų daiktų. Atspindys - jautriausia vieno daikto egzistavimo kitame forma. Daikto "prasmė" yra aukščiausia jo koegzistavimo su kitais daiktais forma gylio atžvilgiu. Man neužtenka vien tik daikto materialumo, turiu žinoti ir kokia daikto "prasmė", t.y. mistiškas šešėlis, kurį virš jo meta visas likęs pasaulis. Daikto prasmės ieškojimas atitinka jo pavertimą vertybiniu visatos centru. Bet ar ne tą patį daro meilė? Sakydami, kad mylime tam tikrą objektą ir kad mums jis yra visatos centras, sujungiantis visus siūlus, kurių apmatai yra mūsų gyvenimas, mūsų pasaulis, kalbame apie tą patį dalyką. [Ortega y Gasset, Meditacijos apie Don Kichotą, vertė Rūta Samuolytė, Nuo Kierkegoro iki Kamiu, ps. 107-108] #308 ![]() |
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foursome Heidegger's fourfold aspects of building: receive heaven, await divinities, escort mortals, save earth. See: [[http://mysite.pratt.edu/~arch543p/readings/Heidegger.html | Building Dwelling Thinking]] in Poetry, Language, Thought. ''But "on the earth" already means "under the sky." Both of these also mean "remaining before the divinities" and include a "belonging to men's being with one another." By a primal oneness the four-earth and sky, divinities and mortals-belong together in one.'' Mortals dwell in the way they preserve the fourfold in its essential being, its presencing. Accordingly, the preserving that dwells is fourfold. Why dwells: The sky is the vaulting path of the sun, the course of the changing, moon, the wandering glitter of the stars, the year's seasons and their changes, the light and dusk of day, the gloom and glow of night, the clemency and inclemency of the weather, the drifting clouds and blue depth of the ether. ... Mortals dwell in that they receive the sky as sky. They leave to the sun and the moon their journey, to the stars their courses, to the seasons their blessing and their inclemency; they do not turn night into day nor day into a harassed unrest. How dwells: The divinities are the beckoning messengers of the godhead. 0ut of the holy sway of the godhead, the god appears in his presence or withdraws into his concealment. ... Mortals dwell in that they await the divinities as divinities. In hope they hold up to the divinities what is unhoped for. They wait for intimations of their coming and do not mistake the signs of their absence. They do not make their gods for themselves and do not worship idols. In the very depth of misfortune they wait for the weal that has been withdrawn. * What dwells: The mortals are the human beings. They are called mortals because they can die. To die means to be capable of death as death. Only man dies, and indeed continually, as long as remains on earth, under the sky, before the divinities. ... Mortals dwell in that they initiate their own nature-their being capable of death as death-into the use and practice of this capacity, so that there may be a good death. To initiate mortals into the nature of death in no way means to make death, as empty Nothing, the goal. Nor does it mean to darken dwelling by blindly staring toward the end. Whether dwells: Earth is the serving bearer, blossoming and fruiting, spreading out in rock and water, rising up into plant and animal. ... Mortals dwell in that they save the earth-taking the word in the old sense still known to Lessing. Saving does not only snatch something from a danger. To save really means to set something free into its own presencing. To save the earth is more than to exploit it or even wear it out. Saving the earth does not master the earth and does not subjugate it, which is merely one step from spoliation. #307 ![]() |
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foursome Žmogus, žinantis, kaip reikia daryti, visada turės darbo. Žmogus, žinantis, kodėl tai reikia daryti, visada bus jo viršininkas. Ralfas Voldas Emersonas. #306 ![]() |
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foursome Michael Graziano, Consciousness and the Social Brain: In the case of white light, we can distinguish between four items. Item I is a real physical thing; a broad spectrum of wavelengths. Item II is a representation in the brain's visual circuitry, information that stands for, but in many ways depicts something different from, the physical thing. The information depicts a simplified version, minus the physical details that are unimportant for one's own survival, and with no adherence to the laws of physics. To be precise, we can distinguish two parts to Item II, let's say IIa and IIb. Item IIa is the information itself, which does exist and is instantiated in specialized circuitry of the visual system. Item IIb is the impossible entity depicted by that information - brightness without color. Item III is the cognitive access to that representation, the decision-making process that allows the brain to scan the visual representation and abstract properties such as that a white surface is present or has a certain saturation or is located here or there in the environment. Item IV is the verbal report. (Whether, what, how, why. The "what" we experience is Item IIb, and it is coded in our brain as Item IIa.) #305 ![]() |
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foursome Form and function. Function and appearance matches by split-brain patients. (MIT 9.00SC Introduction to Psychology, Spring 2011, Lecture 3, about 43 minutes. See also 52 minutes.) Left brain: chooses by function (how) draws parts, not whole Right brain: chooses by appearance (what) draws whole, not parts Also: When things are contradictory, people have to explain Why, they rationalize. (About 48 minutes). #304 ![]() |
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foursome Permanence and Change: Nicolas of Autrecourt #303 ![]() |
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foursome Reason and Understanding: Hegel #302 ![]() |
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foursome Logical Progression: Harman #301 ![]() |
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foursome Principles: Kant #299 ![]() |
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foursome Habit: Covey #297 ![]() |
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foursome Principal Moments: Kant #295 ![]() |
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foursome Antimonies: Kant #294 ![]() |
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foursome Conversational Categories: Grice #292 ![]() |
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foursome Aspects of Man: Jaspers #291 ![]() |
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foursome Literary Meaning: Frye #289 ![]() |
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foursome Degrees of Unsolvability: Turing Machines. Arithmetic hierarchy. Yates Index Set Theorem. #288 ![]() |
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foursome Representations: Kant #287 ![]() |
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foursome Psychosocial Stages: Stewart #286 ![]() |
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foursome Cognition: Aigen #285 ![]() |
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foursome Criteria For Good Measure: McClelland #284 ![]() |
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foursome Functions of Personality: Jung #283 ![]() |
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foursome Types of Thoughts: Keating #282 ![]() |
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foursome From Saying to Meaning: Locke #281 ![]() |
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foursome Questions: Taylor #280 ![]() |
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foursome Faculties of the Mind: Kant #278 ![]() |
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foursome Delimitation of Being: Heidegger #277 ![]() |
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foursome Database Design: Microsoft Access #276 ![]() |
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Sublime - subjective, general - why Good - objective, general - how Agreeable - objective, particular - what Beautiful - subjective, particular - whether Kant's four reflective judgments from his Critique of Judgment #272 ![]() |
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threesome noun, verb, modifier #271 ![]() |
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Relevance Cycle (reflecting), Rigor Cycle (taking a stand), Design Cycle (following through) Alan R. Hevner. A Three Cycle View of Design Science Research #269 ![]() |
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threesome Structures: Fuller (Tensegrity) #267 ![]() |
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Information Streams: Papez #266 ![]() |
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threesome Fact, Sentence, Thought: Wittgenstein #265 ![]() |
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#263 ![]() |
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threesome Substantial: Lenin #262 ![]() |
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threesome Existence of the World: Kant #261 ![]() |
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Synthesis: Kant #260 ![]() |
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threesome Gospel of John (Gary?) knowledge (gnosko) What we know of God faith (pisteuo) What we believe actions (poieo, ergon) Unity of knowledge and faith #250 ![]() |
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foursome Charles Sanders Peirce. icon, index, symbol symbol, index, icon #248 ![]() |
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threesome goodness of the Holy Spirit, power of God the Father, wisdom of God the Son Stanford: Peter Abelard #247 ![]() |
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physics | observer-participancy | information | threesome physics, observer-participancy, information John Archibald Wheeler. Information, Physics, Quantum: The Search for Links #245 ![]() |
1989 | ||
physics | observer-participancy | information | threesome physics, observer-participancy, information John Archibald Wheeler. Information, Physics, Quantum: The Search for Links #244 ![]() |
1989 | ||
twosome Experience: Kant #242 ![]() |
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twosome Faith: Tillich #241 ![]() |
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twosome Concreteness and Ultimacy: Tillich #240 ![]() |
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twosome Outward and Inward Man: Watchman Nee #239 ![]() |
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twosome Speech: Greimas #238 ![]() |
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twosome Virtue: Laozi #237 ![]() |
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twosome Worship: Kierkegaard #236 ![]() |
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twosome Structure: Saussure #235 ![]() |
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twosome Symbolic Representation: Cassirer #234 ![]() |
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twosome God Proves that He Exists #233 ![]() |
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twosome Representations: Kant #232 ![]() |
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twosome Time and Space: Kant #231 ![]() |
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twosome Change: Kant #230 ![]() |
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twosome Judgments: Kant #229 ![]() |
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twosome Synthetic and Analytic: Kant #228 ![]() |
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twosome Our Divine Calling: Fromke #227 ![]() |
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twosome Reading: Frye #226 ![]() |
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twosome Reflections: Marcel #225 ![]() |
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twosome Judgments: Mansel #224 ![]() |
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twosome Perception: Spinoza #223 ![]() |
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twosome Complementary Truths: Fromke #222 ![]() |
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twosome Communicational Scepticism: Taylor #221 ![]() |
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twosome God: Hinduism #220 ![]() |
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twosome Sources of Information: Hume #219 ![]() |
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twosome Identity: Schelling #218 ![]() |
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twosome Irony and Romance: Frye #217 ![]() |
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twosome Mystical Experience: Buddhism #216 ![]() |
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twosome Permanence: Buddhism #215 ![]() |
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twosome Reference: Buddhism #214 ![]() |
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twosome Representation: Locke #213 ![]() |
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twosome Salvation: Hinduism #212 ![]() |
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twosome Stimulation: Spencer #211 ![]() |
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twosome Creation: Theodoric #210 ![]() |
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twosome Things: Plato #209 ![]() |
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twosome Data: Beneviste #208 ![]() |
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twosome Reality: Levi-Strauss #207 ![]() |
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twosome Trees: Genesis #206 ![]() |
-250 | |||||
twosome Doubt and Belief: Peirce #205 ![]() |
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being and ought | being and seeming | being and becoming | being and thinking | Heidegger's book "Introduction to Metaphysics" describes four conceptions of the twosome in terms of being. • Being and Thinking • Being and Becoming • Being and Seeming • Being and Ought Wikipedia: Introduction to Metaphysics (Heidegger book) #204 ![]() |
1935 | |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nature_versus_nurture #202 ![]() |
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onesome Possibility: Kierkegaard #201 ![]() |
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onesome Surplus: Economics #200 ![]() |
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onesome Restlesness: Marsch #199 ![]() |
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onesome Deciding for Others: Marsch #198 ![]() |
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onesome Necessity: Kierkegaard #197 ![]() |
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onesome Self: Hinduism #196 ![]() |
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onesome Ritual: Hinduism #195 ![]() |
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onesome Pure Concept: Kant #194 ![]() |
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onesome Nature: Kant #193 ![]() |
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onesome Description: Wittgenstein #192 ![]() |
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onesome Manifestations of Godhead: Hinduism #191 ![]() |
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onesome Contemplation: Hinduism #190 ![]() |
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onesome Angular Momentum: Physics #189 ![]() |
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onesome Experience: Kant #188 ![]() |
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onesome Vanity: Ecclesiastics #187 ![]() |
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onesome Absolute: Buddhism #186 ![]() |
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onesome Sacred Word: Keating #185 ![]() |
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onesome Why?: Heidegger #184 ![]() |
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onesome Walrasian Function: Friedman #183 ![]() |
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onesome Possible Self-Consciousness: Kant #182 ![]() |
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onesome Experience: Dewey #181 ![]() |
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onesome Structure: Barthes #180 ![]() |
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onesome Logical Form: Wittgenstein #179 ![]() |
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onesome Religious Symbols: Tillich #178 ![]() |
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onesome Null: MS Access #177 ![]() |
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onesome Heaven: Mo Tzu #176 ![]() |
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onesome Being: Lao Tzu #175 ![]() |
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onesome My Autobiographical Self #174 ![]() |
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onesome The Universe: the Stoics #173 ![]() |
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onesome The One Substance: Spinoza #172 ![]() |
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onesome The Universe #171 ![]() |
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Wikipedia: Isocolon - parallelism #170 ![]() |
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Chris Meyers. The Best Dealmakers Know That Every Deal Dies Three Times Before It Closes. 1.Common misunderstandings. 2.Bad timing or a lack of urgency. 3.Disagreements over the details. #169 ![]() |
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Sales Success: The Rule of Three. Mark Berrafato. Do what's best for my customers. Do what's right for my company. Stay true to the values and ethics that define me - always! #168 ![]() |
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sales three whys: why do anything? why you? why now? #167 ![]() |
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#163 ![]() |
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nullsome Absolute: Schelling #161 ![]() |
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nullsome Ultimate Concern: Tillich #160 ![]() |
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nullsome Leap: Heidegger #159 ![]() |
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nullsome Being: Heidegger #158 ![]() |
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Tao: Lao Tzu #157 ![]() |
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The Unknowable: Spencer #156 ![]() |
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God Appears Before Elijah as a Tiny Whispering Sound #155 ![]() |
222 catalogued examples and 554 uncatalogued examples waiting in the queue! |
See the pipeline for three minds, nullsome, onesome, twosome, threesome, foursome, fivesome, sixsome, sevensome, conceptions, needs, doubts, expectations, values |
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