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Three minds acting on the nullsome, onesome, twosome, threesome, foursome, fivesome, sixsome, sevensome.

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Window of political discourse.
Unthinkable - Radical - Acceptable - Sensible - Popular - Policy
Wikipedia: Overton window   #1025  
0-threesome https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DMAIC define, measure, analyze, improve and control (and see links) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PDCA plan–do–check–adjust (and see links)   #259  
Nicholas Maxwell, knowledge-inquiry, wisdom-inquiry
https://philpapers.org/archive/MAXTOT-2.pdf by way of Leland Beaumont   #772  
0-three minds Barbara Hug, Katherine L. Mcneill. Use of First-hand and Second-hand Data in Science: Does data type influence classroom conversations?   #1035   2024
Wikipedia: Diversity, equity, and inclusion
https://www.ndnu.edu/history-of-dei-the-evolution-of-diversity-training-programs/   #1036  
courage, consistency, community
https://www.entrepreneur.com/leadership/the-3-dei-lessons-that-dr-martin-luther-king-jr-can-teach/441314   #1037  
0-thrėesome Threesome: Three Vajras
The trinity of body, speech, and mind are known as the three gates, three receptacles or three vajras, and correspond to the western religious concept of righteous thought (mind), word (speech), and deed (body).
Wikipedia: Trikaya   #270  
0-threesomepoliticseconomyculture Rudolf Steiner
Of central importance is a distinction made between three spheres of society – the political, economic, and cultural. The idea is that when economy, culture, and polity are relatively independent of one another, they check, balance, and correct one another and thus lead to greater social health and progress.
Social threefolding aims to foster:
equality and democracy in political life
freedom in cultural life (art, science, religion, education, the media)
uncoerced cooperation in a freely contractual economic life.
Wikipedia: Social threefolding   #1038   		1917
threesome
noun, verb, modifier   #271  
truth, opinion
Wikipedia: Parmenides   #527  
  #784  
Winston Churchill's mother, Jennie Jerome, wrote that after sitting next to Gladstone, "I thought he was the cleverest man in England. But after sitting next to Mr. Disraeli, I thought I was the cleverest woman in England." Gladstones Library. The Great Rivalry, As Told By Punch.   #785  
0-three minds https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zuckerbrot_und_Peitsche   #1041  
0-foursome foursome
Medieval aesthetics in the realm of philosophy built upon Classical thought, continuing the practice of Plotinus by employing theological terminology in its explications. St. Bonaventure's "Retracing the Arts to Theology", a primary example of this method, discusses the skills of the artisan as gifts given by God for the purpose of disclosing God to mankind, which purpose is achieved through four lights:
* the light of skill in mechanical arts which discloses ''the world of artifacts = whether'' * which light is guided by the light of sense perception which discloses ''the world of natural forms = what''
* which light, consequently, is guided by the light of philosophy which discloses ''the world of intellectual truth = how''
* finally, this light is guided by the light of divine wisdom which discloses ''the world of saving truth = why''.
Wikipedia: Aesthetics   #274  
ultimate reality, dependent reality
Wikipedia: Dvaita Vedanta   #530  
0-three minds The term 'enactivism' is close in meaning to 'enaction', defined as "the manner in which a subject of perception creatively matches its actions to the requirements of its situation".[5] The introduction of the term enaction in this context is attributed to Francisco Varela, Evan Thompson, and Eleanor Rosch in The Embodied Mind (1991),[5][6] who proposed the name to "emphasize the growing conviction that cognition is not the representation of a pre-given world by a pre-given mind but is rather the enactment of a world and a mind on the basis of a history of the variety of actions that a being in the world performs".
Wikipedia: Enactivism   #786   		1991
  #1042  
It is possible to distinguish between at least three types of anthropocentrism: perceptual anthropocentrism (which "characterizes paradigms informed by sense-data from human sensory organs"); descriptive anthropocentrism (which "characterizes paradigms that begin from, center upon, or are ordered around Homo sapiens / ‘the human'"); and normative anthropocentrism (which "characterizes paradigms that make assumptions or assertions about the superiority of Homo sapiens, its capacities, the primacy of its values, [or] its position in the universe").[3] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthropocentrism   #1043 ❤️William Pahl  
foursome
Database Design: Microsoft Access   #276  
foursome
Delimitation of Being: Heidegger   #277  
  #1045  
foursome
Faculties of the Mind: Kant   #278  
four elements of drives as defined by Freud (pressure, end, object and source)   #790  
threesome
Three grammatical voices structure the drive's circuit:
the active voice (to see)
the reflexive voice (to see oneself)
the passive voice (to be seen)
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques_Lacan   #791  
scalar motion
Dewey Larson
The Dewey B. Larson Memorial Research Center   #536  
French psychoanalyst Jacques Lacan argued that there were four fundamental types of discourse. He defined four discourses, which he called Master, University, Hysteric and Analyst, and suggested that these relate dynamically to one another. 1969
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Four_discourses   #792  
0-three mindsepisodic memorysemantic memory Semantic memory vs. Episodic Memory "Interdependence of episodic and semantic memory: Evidence from neuropsychology" , 2010 https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2952732/#:~:text=Semantic%20memory%20consists%20of%20a,(Tulving%2C%201972%20%2C%20p.   #1049 ❤️Andrew Pashea   2010
Nigel Green, Carl Bate: information systems
value, policies, events, content, trust
Wikipedia: VPEC-T   #540  
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proofs_and_Refutations   #1052  
read, write, execute   #1053  
intra-diegetic, extra-diegetic
Wikipedia: Gérard Genette   #542  
These five levels of consciousness are primal, reactive, willful, intellectual and intuitive.
Scott Oldford. The Five Levels Of Consciousness For Entrepreneurs.   #800  
Mark Solms also sees Karl Friston’s free energy principle as a major part of his theory. He gives one of the best descriptions of that principle that I’ve seen. Unfortunately my understanding of it remains somewhat blurry, but my takeaway is that it’s about how self organizing systems arise and work. He identifies four principles of such systems:
They are ergodic, meaning they only permit themselves to be in a limited number of states.
They have a Markov blanket, a boundary between themselves and their environment.
They have active inference, that is, they make predictions about their own states and the environment from that environment’s effects on their Markov blanket.
They are self preservative, which means minimizing their internal entropy, maintaining homeostasis, etc.
Mark Solms' Theory of Consciousness   #801  
  #802  
subjective theory of value, labor theory of value The subjective theory of value (STV) is an economic theory for explaining how the value of goods and services are not only set but also how they can fluctuate over time. The contrasting system is typically known as the labor theory of value. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subjective_theory_of_value   #1058 ❤️our group  
  #803  
When the degree of progress is the same in pursuing peace and waging war, peace is to be preferred. For, in war, there are disadvantages such as losses, expenses and absence from home.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthashastra   #809  
It classifies war into three broad types – open war, covert war and silent war. It then dedicates chapters to defining each type of war, how to engage in these wars and how to detect that one is a target of covert or silent types of war.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthashastra   #810  
Kautilya's discussion of taxation and expenditure gave expression to three Indian principles: taxing power [of state] is limited; taxation should not be felt to be heavy or exclusive [discriminatory]; tax increases should be graduated.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthashastra   #811  
In contemporary moral philosophy, deontology is one of those kinds of normative theories regarding which choices are morally required, forbidden, or permitted.
Stanford: Deontological Ethics   #1067  
The Arthashastra then posits its own theory that there are four necessary fields of knowledge, the Vedas, the Anvikshaki (science of reasoning), the science of government and the science of economics (Varta of agriculture, cattle and trade). It is from these four that all other knowledge, wealth and human prosperity is derived.The Kautilya text thereafter asserts that it is the Vedas that discuss what is Dharma (right, moral, ethical) and what is Adharma (wrong, immoral, unethical), it is the Varta that explain what creates wealth and what destroys wealth, it is the science of government that illuminates what is Nyaya (justice, expedient, proper) and Anyaya (unjust, inexpedient, improper), and that it is Anvishaki (philosophy) that is the light of these sciences, as well as the source of all knowledge, the guide to virtues, and the means to all kinds of acts.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthashastra   #812  
...deontology falls within the domain of moral theories that guide and assess our choices of what we ought to do (deontic theories), in contrast to those that guide and assess what kind of person we are and should be (aretaic [virtue] theories).
Stanford: Deontological Ethics   #1068  
0-needs Erik and Joan Erikson
hope, will, purpose, competence, fidelity, love, care, wisdom
Erikson's stages of psychosocial development   #557  
within the domain of moral theories that assess our choices, deontologists—those who subscribe to deontological theories of morality—stand in opposition to consequentialists.
Stanford: Deontological Ethics   #1069  
In the poem, Hell is depicted as nine concentric circles of torment located within the Earth; it is the "realm [...] of those who have rejected spiritual values by yielding to bestial appetites or violence, or by perverting their human intellect to fraud or malice against their fellowmen".
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inferno_(Dante)   #1070  
variation, heredity, natural selection, evolution
Peter D. Turney. Conditions for Major Transitions in Biological and Cultural Evolution.   #559  
According to Alfred North Whitehead, one commits the fallacy of misplaced concreteness when one mistakes an abstract belief, opinion, or concept about the way things are for a physical or "concrete" reality: "There is an error; but it is merely the accidental error of mistaking the abstract for the concrete. It is an example of what might be called the 'Fallacy of Misplaced Concreteness.'"
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reification_(fallacy)   #815  
He sets out to climb directly up a small mountain, but his way is blocked by three beasts he cannot evade: a lonza[8] (usually rendered as 'leopard' or 'leopon'),[9] a leone[10] (lion), and a lupa[11] (she-wolf). The three beasts, taken from Jeremiah 5:6,[12] are thought to symbolize the three kinds of sin that bring the unrepentant soul into one of the three major divisions of Hell. According to John Ciardi, these are incontinence (the she-wolf); violence and bestiality (the lion); and fraud and malice (the leopard).
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inferno_(Dante)   #1071  
foursome
Form and function. Function and appearance matches by split-brain patients. (MIT 9.00SC Introduction to Psychology, Spring 2011, Lecture 3, about 43 minutes. See also 52 minutes.)
Left brain: chooses by function (how) draws parts, not whole
Right brain: chooses by appearance (what) draws whole, not parts
Also: When things are contradictory, people have to explain Why, they rationalize. (About 48 minutes).   #304  
William James: The great snare of the psychologist is the confusion of his own standpoint with that of the mental fact about which he is making his report. I shall hereafter call this the 'psychologist's fallacy' par excellence.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychologist%27s_fallacy   #816  
Virgil reminds Dante (the character) of "Those pages where the Ethics tells of three / Conditions contrary to Heaven's will and rule / Incontinence, vice, and brute bestiality".[24] Cicero, for his part, had divided sins between violence and fraud.[25] By conflating Cicero's violence with Aristotle's bestiality, and his fraud with malice or vice, Dante the poet obtained three major categories of sin, as symbolized by the three beasts that Dante encounters in Canto I: these are Incontinence, Violence/Bestiality, and Fraud/Malice.[22][26] Sinners punished for incontinence (also known as wantonness) – the lustful, the gluttonous, the hoarders and wasters, and the wrathful and sullen – all demonstrated weakness in controlling their appetites, desires, and natural urges; according to Aristotle's Ethics, incontinence is less condemnable than malice or bestiality, and therefore these sinners are located in four circles of Upper Hell (Circles 2–5). These sinners endure lesser torments than do those consigned to Lower Hell, located within the walls of the City of Dis, for committing acts of violence and fraud – the latter of which involves, as Dorothy L. Sayers writes, "abuse of the specifically human faculty of reason".[26] The deeper levels are organised into one circle for violence (Circle 7) and two circles for fraud (Circles 8 and 9). As a Christian, Dante adds Circle 1 (Limbo) to Upper Hell and Circle 6 (Heresy) to Lower Hell, making 9 Circles in total; incorporating the Vestibule of the Futile, this leads to Hell containing 10 main divisions.
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inferno_(Dante)   #1072  
foursome
Michael Graziano, Consciousness and the Social Brain:
In the case of white light, we can distinguish between four items.
Item I is a real physical thing; a broad spectrum of wavelengths.
Item II is a representation in the brain's visual circuitry, information that stands for, but in many ways depicts something different from, the physical thing. The information depicts a simplified version, minus the physical details that are unimportant for one's own survival, and with no adherence to the laws of physics. To be precise, we can distinguish two parts to Item II, let's say IIa and IIb. Item IIa is the information itself, which does exist and is instantiated in specialized circuitry of the visual system. Item IIb is the impossible entity depicted by that information - brightness without color.
Item III is the cognitive access to that representation, the decision-making process that allows the brain to scan the visual representation and abstract properties such as that a white surface is present or has a certain saturation or is located here or there in the environment.
Item IV is the verbal report. (Whether, what, how, why. The "what" we experience is Item IIb, and it is coded in our brain as Item IIa.)   #305  
This "9+1=10" structure is also found within the Purgatorio and Paradiso. Lower Hell is further subdivided: Circle 7 (Violence) is divided into three rings, Circle 8 (Fraud) is divided into ten bolge, and Circle 9 (Treachery) is divided into four regions. Thus, Hell contains 24 divisions in total.
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inferno_(Dante)   #1073  
Marr's Three Levels of description. M1 - Implementational M2 - Algorithmic M3 - Computational https://ppw.kuleuven.be/apps/research/petervanderhelm/doc/marr_levels.html 1. Computational level GOAL Mental representations 2. Algorithmic level METHOD Cognitive processes 3. Implementational level MEANS Neural structures   #1074 ❤️Daniel Friedman  
foursome
Heidegger's fourfold aspects of building: receive heaven, await divinities, escort mortals, save earth. See:
[[http://mysite.pratt.edu/~arch543p/readings/Heidegger.html | Building Dwelling Thinking]] in Poetry, Language, Thought. ''But "on the earth" already means "under the sky." Both of these also mean "remaining before the divinities" and include a "belonging to men's being with one another." By a primal oneness the four-earth and sky, divinities and mortals-belong together in one.'' Mortals dwell in the way they preserve the fourfold in its essential being, its presencing. Accordingly, the preserving that dwells is fourfold.
Why dwells: The sky is the vaulting path of the sun, the course of the changing, moon, the wandering glitter of the stars, the year's seasons and their changes, the light and dusk of day, the gloom and glow of night, the clemency and inclemency of the weather, the drifting clouds and blue depth of the ether. ... Mortals dwell in that they receive the sky as sky. They leave to the sun and the moon their journey, to the stars their courses, to the seasons their blessing and their inclemency; they do not turn night into day nor day into a harassed unrest.
How dwells: The divinities are the beckoning messengers of the godhead. 0ut of the holy sway of the godhead, the god appears in his presence or withdraws into his concealment. ... Mortals dwell in that they await the divinities as divinities. In hope they hold up to the divinities what is unhoped for. They wait for intimations of their coming and do not mistake the signs of their absence. They do not make their gods for themselves and do not worship idols. In the very depth of misfortune they wait for the weal that has been withdrawn.
* What dwells: The mortals are the human beings. They are called mortals because they can die. To die means to be capable of death as death. Only man dies, and indeed continually, as long as remains on earth, under the sky, before the divinities. ... Mortals dwell in that they initiate their own nature-their being capable of death as death-into the use and practice of this capacity, so that there may be a good death. To initiate mortals into the nature of death in no way means to make death, as empty Nothing, the goal. Nor does it mean to darken dwelling by blindly staring toward the end.
Whether dwells: Earth is the serving bearer, blossoming and fruiting, spreading out in rock and water, rising up into plant and animal. ... Mortals dwell in that they save the earth-taking the word in the old sense still known to Lessing. Saving does not only snatch something from a danger. To save really means to set something free into its own presencing. To save the earth is more than to exploit it or even wear it out. Saving the earth does not master the earth and does not subjugate it, which is merely one step from spoliation.   #307  
foursome
Gilumas yra tai, kiek daikte atsispindi kitų daiktų. Atspindys - jautriausia vieno daikto egzistavimo kitame forma. Daikto "prasmė" yra aukščiausia jo koegzistavimo su kitais daiktais forma gylio atžvilgiu. Man neužtenka vien tik daikto materialumo, turiu žinoti ir kokia daikto "prasmė", t.y. mistiškas šešėlis, kurį virš jo meta visas likęs pasaulis. Daikto prasmės ieškojimas atitinka jo pavertimą vertybiniu visatos centru. Bet ar ne tą patį daro meilė? Sakydami, kad mylime tam tikrą objektą ir kad mums jis yra visatos centras, sujungiantis visus siūlus, kurių apmatai yra mūsų gyvenimas, mūsų pasaulis, kalbame apie tą patį dalyką. [Ortega y Gasset, Meditacijos apie Don Kichotą, vertė Rūta Samuolytė, Nuo Kierkegoro iki Kamiu, ps. 107-108]   #308  
  #820  
foursome
Būties sakymo tinkamumas, kaip tiesos likimas, yra pirmasis mąstymo dėsnis, bet ne logikos taisyklė, kuri, beje, gali tapti taisykle tik pagal dėsnį. Kreipti dėmesį į mąstančiojo sakymo tinkamumą reiškia ne tik tai, kad mes kiekvienąsyk apmąstome, ką ir kaip reikia sakyti apie būtį. Ne mažiau svarbu yra apmąstyti, ar, kiek, kokią būties istorijos akimirką, kokiame dialoge ir kodėl tai turi būti išsakyta. [Heidegeris, Apie humanizmą, vertė Arvydas Šliogeris, Nuo Kierkegoro iki Kamiu, ps.130]   #309  
Goethe ur-pflanzer = the most basic living plant https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metamorphosis_of_Plants   #1078 ❤️Hans-Florian Hoyer  
foursome
Benedetto Croce
Kodėl - gėris - etika.
Kaip - nauda - ekonomika.
Koks - grožis - estetika.
Ar - tiesa - filosofija.
Antanas Andrijauskas: Dvasia Kročei yra žmonijos gyvenimas, jos istorija, tiksliau, jos dvasinio gyvenimo istorija. Šis vientisas dvasinis pradas Kročės filosofijoje reiškiasi dviem skirtingomis formomis - teorine ir praktine. Teorine forma žmogus pažįsta pasaulį, o praktine jį keičia. Teorinė forma savo ruožtu skyla į intuityvią, arba, kaip Kročė ją vadina, estetinę ir konceptualią, arba filosofinę, tikrovės pažinimo formą. O praktinė forma skyla į ekonominę ir etinę. Šios keturios tikrovės pažinimo formos neohėgeliškoje Kročės filosofinėje sistemoje virsta savarankiškais mokslais - estetika, filosofija, ekonomika, etika, kuriuos atitinka tokios pagrindinės kategorijos: grožis, tiesa, nauda ir gėris. Taip galėčiau glaustai apibūdinti hėgeliškąją jo filosofinę orientaciją. [Nuo Kierkegoro iki Kamiu, ps.170]   #311  
Weak.. Not really 3 minds.. 6 stages.. Kohlberg's approach begins with the assumption that humans are intrinsically motivated to explore and become competent at functioning in their environments. In social development, this leads us to imitate role models we perceive as competent and to look to them for validation.[16] Thus our earliest childhood references on the rightness of our and others' actions are adult role models with whom we are in regular contact. Kohlberg also held that there are common patterns of social life, observed in universally occurring social institutions, such as families, peer groups, structures, and procedures for clan or society decision-making, and cooperative work for mutual defense and sustenance. Endeavoring to become competent participants in such institutions, humans in all cultures exhibit similar actions and thoughts concerning the relations of self, others, and the social world. Furthermore, the more one is prompted to have empathy for the other person, the more quickly one learns to function well in cooperative human interactions. [17] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawrence_Kohlberg   #823 ❤️William Pahl  
foursome
Dievas - ar, Sat - koks, Cit - kaip, Ananda (palaima, jos ryšiai) - kodėl.   #312  
Mind is information processor. Cognition is computation. Consciousness is computation. In philosophy of mind, the computational theory of mind (CTM), also known as computationalism, is a family of views that hold that the human mind is an information processing system and that cognition and consciousness together are a form of computation. It is closely related to functionalism, a broader theory that defines mental states by what they do rather than what they're made of.[1] Warren McCulloch and Walter Pitts (1943) were the first to suggest that neural activity is computational. They argued that neural computations explain cognition.[2] The theory was proposed in its modern form by Hilary Putnam in 1967, and developed by his PhD student, philosopher, and cognitive scientist Jerry Fodor in the 1960s, 1970s, and 1980s.[3][4] It was later criticized in the 1990s by Putnam himself, John Searle, and others. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computational_theory_of_mind   #824 ❤️William Pahl  
foursome
[[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transcendentals | Transcendentals]] Beauty, Goodness, Truth. In Plato's Symposium the following passage suggests their correct order: "The true order of going is to use the beauties of the earth as steps along which to mount upwards for the sake of that other beauty: from fair forms to fair practices, and from fair practices to fair notions until he arrives at the idea of absolute beauty."   #313  
Actor-network Theory https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Actor-network_theory Developed by science and technology studies (STS) scholars Michel Callon, Madeleine Akrich and Bruno Latour, the sociologist John Law, and others, it can more technically be described as a "material-semiotic" method. This means that it maps relations that are simultaneously material (between things) and semiotic (between concepts). It assumes that many relations are both material and semiotic. The term actor-network theory was coined by John Law in 1992 to describe the work being done across case studies in different areas at the Centre de Sociologie de l'Innovation at the time. In a workshop called "On Recalling ANT", Latour himself stated that there are four things wrong with actor-network theory: "actor", "network", "theory" and the hyphen.[53]   #1081 ❤️Marcus  
foursome
Ar (kūnas). Koks (neocortex - protas), limbic (no language): kaip (širdis?), kodėl (valia?) - išradingi vadovai
Reverse the order of information. Speak out from the nonlingual, decision making part of the brain.
Simon Sinek. How Great Leaders Inspire Action
  #314  
foursome
[[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/After-action_review | After Action Review]] (Wikipedia) a structured review or de-brief (debriefing) process for analyzing what happened, why it happened, and how it can be done better by the participants and those responsible for the project or event.   #316  
Research has also produced the Organizational Bullshit Perception Scale (OBPS) that reveals three factors of organizational bullshit (regard for truth, the boss, and bullshit language) that can be used to gauge perceptions of the extent of organizational bullshit that exists in a workplace.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bullshit   #829  
foursome
Buddha’s teachings on the four brahma-viharas, the divine abodes or boundless states, comprising kindness, compassion, sympathetic joy, and equanimity.   #319  
  #831  
foursome
Whatness ([[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quiddity | quiddity]], [[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Essence | essence]] - palyginti su "kodėl") and thatness (whether - existence)   #320  
The Rule of Four Template requires students to represent every problem in four ways to model with mathematics:
 Verbally (or in writing)
 Algebraically (as an equation or inequality)
 Geometrically (as a graph)
 Numerically (in a table)
Jeff Todd. Using the Rule of Four Template to Help Middle School Students Model with Mathematics.   #832  
foursome
Heidegger * kaip yra vienas nurodantis (referential) ryšys "įrankis" (equipment) (siūlas), Dasein rūpestis * kodėl yra visi nurodantys ryšiai "manifold is concern"   #321  
foursome
[[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DIKW_pyramid | DIKW pyramid]] Data, information, knowledge, wisdom. [[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milan_Zeleny | Milan Zeleny]] tai susiejo su nieko nežinojimu, kažko žinojimu, betko žinojimu, visko žinojimu. Žr.[[Helmut Leitner]].   #322  
foursome
Lacan: Real, imaginary, symbolic.   #323  
According to Meher Baba, each soul pursues conscious divinity by evolving; that is, experiencing itself in a succession of imagined forms through seven "kingdoms" of stone/metal, vegetable, worm, fish, bird, animal, and human.[117] The soul identifies itself with each successive form, becoming thus tied to illusion. During this evolution of forms, the power of thought increases, until in human form thought becomes infinite. Although in human form, the soul is capable of conscious divinity, all the impressions that it has gathered during evolution are illusory ones that create a barrier against the soul knowing itself. For this barrier to be overcome, further births in human form are needed in a process known as reincarnation.The soul will reach a stage where its previously gathered impressions grow thin or weak enough that it enters a final stage called involution. This stage also requires a series of human births, during which the soul begins an inner journey, by which it realises its true identity as God.
Wikipedia: Meher Baba   #581  
foursome
Įsisąmonijimas - ar, abdukcija - koks, dedukcija - kaip, indukcija - kodėl, išsidėsto kaip kad Yoneda įdėties atžvilgiu.   #326  
Open mind, open heart, open will
change management
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theory_U   #840  
12 Principles of 'Seeing'
https://ofother.com/essays/seeing   #1096  
testing   #841 ❤️Andrius  
  #842  
0-threesomeplanningactionfact finding threesome
planning, action, fact finding
Wikipedia: Learning Cycle   #331  
For example, Lessem and Schieffer, of the Trans4m Center for Integral Development in Switzerland, explore their framing in the Transformation and Innovation Series books (Lessem & Schieffer, 2021). In their approach, they link to different areas of the world and integrate them into approaches on themes, e.g.: Marko Pogačnik’s (6) integral starting point, as a Slovenian sacred geographer and conceptual artist, whose unique craft takes him around the world, is the four elements that traditionally compose the fabric of life on earth…:
• the material (earth element), embodying the ecological;
• the spiritual (air element), representing the cultural;
• the emotional (water element) reflecting the social;
• and the vital-energetic (fire element), depicting the economic
Lessem et al., 2016
https://jyx.jyu.fi/bitstream/handle/123456789/88586/978-951-39-9710-6_vaitos01092023.pdf   #1103  
Martin Buber
I and Thou
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_and_Thou   #848  
Whenever you have to do with a structure-endowed entity S try to determine its group of automorphisms, the group of those element-wise transformations which leave all structural relations undisturbed. You can expect to gain a deep insight into the constitution of S in this way. —Symmetry Princeton Univ. Press, p144; 1952 https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermann_Weyl   #1112  
In these days the angel of topology and the devil of abstract algebra fight for the soul of each individual mathematical domain. —Weyl (1939b, p. 500) https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermann_Weyl   #1113  
According to Weber, rationalisation (to use this word in the sense it has in sociological theory) creates three spheres of value: the differentiated zones of science, art and law.[20] For him, this fundamental disunity of reason constitutes the danger of modernity. This danger arises not simply from the creation of separate institutional entities but through the specialisation of cognitive, normative, and aesthetic knowledge that in turn permeates and fragments everyday consciousness. This disunity of reason implies that culture moves from a traditional base in a consensual collective endeavour to forms which are rationalised by commodification and led by individuals with interests which are separated from the purposes of the population as a whole.
Wikipedia: The Theory of Communicative Action   #859  
According to Weber, rationalisation (to use this word in the sense it has in sociological theory) creates three spheres of value: the differentiated zones of science, art and law.[20] For him, this fundamental disunity of reason constitutes the danger of modernity. This danger arises not simply from the creation of separate institutional entities but through the specialisation of cognitive, normative, and aesthetic knowledge that in turn permeates and fragments everyday consciousness. This disunity of reason implies that culture moves from a traditional base in a consensual collective endeavour to forms which are rationalised by commodification and led by individuals with interests which are separated from the purposes of the population as a whole.
Wikipedia: The Theory of Communicative Action   #860  
Following Weber again, an increasing complexity arises from the structural and institutional differentiation of the lifeworld, which follows the closed logic of the systemic rationalisation of our communications. There is a transfer of action co-ordination from 'language' over to 'steering media', such as money and power, which bypass consensus-oriented communication with a 'symbolic generalisation of rewards and punishments'. After this process the lifeworld "is no longer needed for the coordination of action". This results in humans ('lifeworld actors') losing a sense of responsibility with a chain of negative social consequences. Lifeworld communications lose their purpose becoming irrelevant for the coordination of central life processes. This has the effect of ripping the heart out of social discourse, allowing complex differentiation to occur but at the cost of social pathologies.
Habermas is now ready to make a preliminary definition of the process of communicative rationality: this is communication that is "oriented to achieving, sustaining and reviewing consensus – and indeed a consensus that rests on the intersubjective recognition of criticisable validity claims".[28] With this key definition he shifts the emphasis in our concept of rationality from the individual to the social. This shift is fundamental to The Theory of Communicative Action. It is based on an assumption that language is implicitly social and inherently rational.
Wikipedia: The Theory of Communicative Action   #861  
0-threesomeiterateadaptevaluate Wikimedia Meta-wiki. Evaluate, Iterate, Adapt.   #357  
1970s. Quality is Free (Crosby) In his book Philip B. Crosby describes his famous 14-step program for quality improvement. Crosby defines quality as conformance to requirements. He defines the 'Quality Maturity Grid' and classifies management attitudes toward quality into five categories. Crosby suggests that improvement happens as management 'matures' from one category to another.
Joris Meerts, Dorothy Graham. The History of Software Testing.   #871  
Some mathematicians are birds, others are frogs. Birds fly high in the air and survey broad vistas of mathematics out to the far horizon. They delight in con- cepts that unify our thinking and bring together diverse problems from different parts of the landscape. Frogs live in the mud below and see only the flowers that grow nearby. They delight in the details of particular objects, and they solve problems one at a time. Freeman Dyson. Birds and frogs. https://www.ams.org/notices/200902/rtx090200212p.pdf   #1128  
  #874  
Touretzky, David S., Derthick, Mark A. Symbol Structures in Connectionist Networks: Five Properties and Two Architectures. (1987)   #1130  
In the developing vertebrate embryo, the neural tube is subdivided into four unseparated sections which then develop further into distinct regions of the central nervous system; these are the prosencephalon (forebrain), the mesencephalon (midbrain) the rhombencephalon (hindbrain) and the spinal cord.
Wikipedia: Cerebrum   #878  
oneness
Wikipedia: Henosis   #367  
There are at least two classes of TEs: Class I TEs or retrotransposons generally function via reverse transcription, while Class II TEs or DNA transposons encode the protein transposase, which they require for insertion and excision, and some of these TEs also encode other proteins.
Wikipedia: Transposable element   #879  
0-three minds The most direct evidence we have from the Paleolithic in terms of art comes from Tassili, Algeria cave paintings depicting Psilocybe mairei mushrooms[14] dated 7000 to 9000 years[15] before present.[16][17][18] From this region, there are several therianthropic images portraying the painter and the animals around him as one (an often cited effect of many psychedelic drugs, Ego death or unity). One image, in particular, shows a man who has formed into one common form with a mushroom.
Wikipedia: Entheogenic drugs and the archaeological record   #1135   		-8000
universal unity of being
Wikipedia: Eleatics   #368  
Hemp seeds discovered by archaeologists at Pazyryk suggest early ceremonial practices by the Scythians occurred during the 5th to 2nd century BCE, confirming previous historical reports by Herodotus.
Wikipedia: Entheogen   #1136  
0-three minds Reindeer in eastern Europe deliberately forage for, and have been known to fight over, the hallucinogenic and highly toxic Amanita muscaria mushroom. “[The reindeer] have a desire to experience altered states of consciousness,” wrote scientist Andrew Haynes in the Pharmaceutical Journal. The bright red mushrooms are considered poisonous and can cause dizziness in humans, so to avoid any nasty side effects, Siberian natives would get high by feeding the fungi to the reindeer, then drinking the animal’s urine.
Natalie Muller. Animals getting high: 10 common drunks.   #1137  
related to: major, minor, accent
60–30–10 Rule This is the ‘golden ratio’ for color proportions. The Rule comes from interior design; it works very well for UI design as it creates balance and helps the user to navigate with ease.
  Primary/main is used for 60% of the design. This neutral color gives room for the secondary and accent colors to stand out.
  The secondary is used for 30% of the design. This is a middle ground that compliments the primary and accent colors. When designing for a brand, this color tends to be the secondary color for the brand.
  The accent is used for 10% of the design. This helps ‘accessorize’ the site by giving pops of colors that keep the viewer’s attention.
Shriya Chunduri. Understanding Color for UI Design.   #626  
  #882  
Evans, Over, Handley
singularity principle, relevance principle, satisficing principle
Jonathan St.B.T.Evans. The heuristic-analytic theory of reasoning: Extension and evaluation   #371   		2006
available, accessible, applicable
Wikipedia: Heuristic-systematic model of information processing   #372  
0-three minds The first evidence of Bilateria in the fossil record comes from trace fossils in Ediacaran sediments, and the first bona fide bilaterian fossil is Kimberella, dating to 555 million years ago.[21] Earlier fossils are controversial; the fossil Vernanimalcula may be the earliest known bilaterian, but may also represent an infilled bubble.[22][23] Fossil embryos are known from around the time of Vernanimalcula (580 million years ago), but none of these have bilaterian affinities.[24] Burrows believed to have been created by bilaterian life forms have been found in the Tacuarí Formation of Uruguay, and were believed to be at least 585 million years old.[25] However, more recent evidence shows these fossils are actually late Paleozoic instead of Ediacaran.
Wikipedia: Bilateria: Evolution   #1140  
distinction
George Spencer-Brown. Laws of Form.   #373  
The term "economic man" was used for the first time in the late nineteenth century by critics of John Stuart Mill's work on political economy.[3] Below is a passage from Mill's work that critics referred to: [Political economy] does not treat the whole of man's nature as modified by the social state, nor of the whole conduct of man in society. It is concerned with him solely as a being who desires to possess wealth, and who is capable of judging the comparative efficacy of means for obtaining that end.[4] Later in the same work, Mill stated that he was proposing "an arbitrary definition of man, as a being who inevitably does that by which he may obtain the greatest amount of necessaries, conveniences, and luxuries, with the smallest quantity of labour and physical self-denial with which they can be obtained." https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homo_economicus   #1141  
0-three minds In the 2004 science fiction film, I, Robot, the "ghost in the machine" is a phenomenon investigated by robotics designer, Dr. Alfred Lanning, to explain the behavior of advanced robots in the film:
 There have always been ghosts in the machine. Random segments of code, that have grouped together to form unexpected protocols. Unanticipated, these free radicals engender questions of free will, creativity, and even the nature of what we might call the soul. Why is it that when some robots are left in darkness, they will seek out the light? Why is it that when robots are stored in an empty space, they will group together, rather than stand alone? How do we explain this behavior? Random segments of code? Or is it something more? When does a perceptual schematic become consciousness? When does a difference engine become the search for truth? When does a personality simulation become the bitter mote of a soul?
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghost_in_the_machine   #630   		2004
The book describes two systems that characterize human thinking, which Sunstein and Thaler refer to as the "Reflective System" and the "Automatic System".[13] These two systems are more thoroughly defined in Daniel Kahneman's book Thinking, Fast and Slow. https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nudge_(book)   #1142  
Prospect theory stems from loss aversion, where the observation is that agents asymmetrically feel losses greater than that of an equivalent gain. It centralises around the idea that people conclude their utility from "gains" and "losses" relative to a certain reference point. This "reference point" is different for each person and relative to their individual situation. Thus, rather than making decisions like a rational agent (i.e using expected utility theory and choosing the maximum value), decisions are made in relativity not in absolutes. https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prospect_theory   #1143  
0-threesome Angioni, Giulio (2004). "Doing, Thinking, Saying". In Sanga; Ortalli (eds.). Nature Knowledge. New York: Berghahm Books. pp. 249–261.   #632   2004
Simon describes a number of dimensions along which classical models of rationality can be made somewhat more realistic, while remaining within the vein of fairly rigorous formalization. These include: limiting the types of utility functions recognizing the costs of gathering and processing information the possibility of having a vector or multi-valued utility function Simon suggests that economic agents use heuristics to make decisions rather than a strict rigid rule of optimization. https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bounded_rationality   #1144  
0-foursome British philosopher Gilbert Ryle distinguished knowing-how and knowing-that Gilbert Ryle. Knowing How and Knowing That: The Presidential Address.   #633   1945
The term “Five Relationships” is based on ethics, which refers to a set of moral principles and norms concerning interpersonal relationships. Confucianism, as the mainstream of traditional Chinese ideology, also played a dominant role in traditional Chinese ethics. The “Five Relationships” (ruler to ruled, father to son, husband to wife, elder brother to younger brother, and friend to friend) are emphasised in Confucian ethical and moral values. Confucius and Mencius believed that if everyone did his part and fulfilled his duty, a harmonious society and an orderly country would be formed.
Traditional Ethics in Ancient China   #890  
Commusings: Guardians or Foes? A Tale of Dragons Across Cultures by Mimi Kuo-Deemer Dear Marcus, Today’s essay is about dragons. In full disclosure, my personal experience with dragons is limited to puffing the magic one. That said, in reading Mimi’s essay on how the depiction of dragons diverge between Eastern and Western culture, I immediately thought of “Thou Shalt.” This was the peculiar name of Friedrich Nietzsche’s dragon in his philosophical tome, Thus Spoke Zarathustra. The German philosopher often leveraged these fire-breathing creatures to symbolize the oppressive forces, societal norms and religious dogmas that individuals must overcome to achieve true self-realization. One of Nietzsche’s most celebrated references to dragons appears in the concept of “The Three Metamorphoses,” where the nihilist describes three stages of spiritual transformation: The Camel: Representing burden-bearing, where an individual unquestioningly carries the weight of societal and religious expectations. The Lion: Reflecting the spirit of rebellion, where one fights against imposed values and seeks freedom. The Child: Characterizing a state of radical creativity and new beginnings, embodying true self-overcoming. During the Lion stage, Nietzsche describes a great dragon named "Thou Shalt" which represents the oppressive moral values imposed by tradition, religion, and authority. The dragon is covered in golden scales, each inscribed with a commandment of society—rules that dictate what is "right" and "wrong." To move beyond this stage, the Lion must slay the dragon by declaring "I Will!", symbolizing the assertion of personal will and autonomy over imposed values. Nietzsche’s use of the dragon metaphor is tied to his broader philosophy of self-overcoming. The dragon is a symbol of fear, control, and mental barriers, and only by defeating it can an individual achieve true freedom and self-actualization. Today’s essayist, the Qigong teacher Mimi Kuo-Deemer, describes a very different depiction of the dragon as portrayed in Eastern mythology. Of course, the West and the East often clash in terms of how they interpret the natural world. In the West, we are taught to see nature as separate and hostile – something to be subdued and sublimated. The East understands humans as nature, mutually arising as part of it.   #1147 ❤️Marcus Petz   2025
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Four_stages_of_competence In psychology, the four stages of competence, or the "conscious competence" learning model, relates to the psychological states involved in the process of progressing from incompetence to competence in a skill. People may have several skills, some unrelated to each other, and each skill will typically be at one of the stages at a given time. Many skills require practice to remain at a high level of competence. The four stages suggest that individuals are initially unaware of how little they know, or unconscious of their incompetence. As they recognize their incompetence, they consciously acquire a skill, then consciously use it. Eventually, the skill can be utilized without it being consciously thought through: the individual is said to have then acquired unconscious competence.[1]   #1148 ❤️Marcus Petz  
one, true, good
Stanford: Medieval Theories of Transcendentals   #382  
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MzXXC4MZZnY Theory Autonomy, Mastery, Purpose Daniel Pink is one of the world's leading business thinkers and the author of five best-selling books about work, management, and behavioural science. Pink's 2009 talk on The Puzzle of Motivation is one of the 10 most-watched TED Talks of all time. Watch his Autonomy, Mastery and Purpose video in which Pink describes what motivates us to work and states how, for non-trivial tasks, higher monetary incentives tend to lead to worse performance.   #1150 ❤️Marcus Petz  
John Baez: There are three famous formalisms for studying algebraic gadgets. They all describe the same kinds of algebraic gadgets, so which you use is largely a matter of convenience:
varieties in the sense of universal algebra
Lawvere theories
finitary monads on the category of sets.
John Baez. Total Freedom.   #895  
  #897  
0-three minds Andrius will respond to Marcus regarding the three minds
->STATE - Knowing a '''dispositif''' - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dispositif
->PROCESS - So application of knowledge, a '''praxis''' -
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Praxis_(process) ->NEW STATE - A creation resulting from the application of a Process to a State, a '''Synthesis'''
wikipedia: Dialectic: Modern philosophy   #1153 ❤️Marcus Petz  
Gödel's incompleteness theorems The first incompleteness theorem states that no consistent system of axioms whose theorems can be listed by an effective procedure (i.e. an algorithm) is capable of proving all truths about the arithmetic of natural numbers. For any such consistent formal system, there will always be statements about natural numbers that are true, but that are unprovable within the system. The second incompleteness theorem, an extension of the first, shows that the system cannot demonstrate its own consistency. Employing a diagonal argument, Gödel's incompleteness theorems were the first of several closely related theorems on the limitations of formal systems. They were followed by Tarski's undefinability theorem on the formal undefinability of truth, Church's proof that Hilbert's Entscheidungsproblem is unsolvable, and Turing's theorem that there is no algorithm to solve the halting problem. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%B6del%27s_incompleteness_theorems   #1154 ❤️Marcus Petz  
Seven Types of Ambiguity is a work of literary criticism by William Empson which was first published in 1930. It was one of the most influential critical works of the 20th century and was a key foundation work in the formation of the New Criticism school. The book is organized around seven types of ambiguity that Empson finds in the poetry he discusses.
  • The first type of ambiguity is the metaphor, that is, when two things are said to be alike which have different properties. This concept is similar to that of metaphysical conceit.
  • Two or more meanings are resolved into one. Empson characterizes this as using two different metaphors at once.
  • Two ideas that are connected through context can be given in one word simultaneously.
  • Two or more meanings that do not agree but combine to make clear a complicated state of mind in the author.
  • When the "author is discovering his idea in the act of writing..." Empson describes a simile that lies halfway between two statements made by the author.
  • When a statement says nothing and the readers are forced to invent a statement of their own, most likely in conflict with that of the author.
  • Two words that within context are opposites that expose a fundamental division in the author's mind.
Wikipedia: Seven Types of Ambiguity   #899  
Moshe Idel writes that these 3 basic models can be discerned operating and competing throughout the whole history of Jewish mysticism, beyond the particular Kabbalistic background of the Middle Ages. They can be readily distinguished by their basic intent with respect to God:
The Theosophical or Theosophical-Theurgic tradition of Theoretical Kabbalah (the main focus of the Zohar and Luria) seeks to understand and describe the divine realm using the imaginative and mythic symbols of human psychological experience. As an intuitive conceptual alternative to rationalist Jewish philosophy, particularly Maimonides' Aristotelianism, this speculation became the central stream of Kabbalah, and the usual reference of the term kabbalah. Its theosophy also implies the innate, centrally important theurgic influence of human conduct on redeeming or damaging the spiritual realms, as man is a divine microcosm, and the spiritual realms the divine macrocosm. The purpose of traditional theosophical kabbalah was to give the whole of normative Jewish religious practice this mystical metaphysical meaning.
The Meditative tradition of Ecstatic Kabbalah (exemplified by Abraham Abulafia and Isaac of Acre) strives to achieve a mystical union with God, or nullification of the meditator in God's Active intellect. Abraham Abulafia's "Prophetic Kabbalah" was the supreme example of this, though marginal in Kabbalistic development, and his alternative to the program of theosophical Kabbalah. Abulafian meditation built upon the philosophy of Maimonides, whose following remained the rationalist threat to theosophical Kabbalists.
The Magico-Talismanic tradition of Practical Kabbalah (in often unpublished manuscripts) endeavours to alter both the Divine realms and the World using practical methods. While theosophical interpretations of worship see its redemptive role as harmonising heavenly forces, Practical Kabbalah properly involved white-magical acts, and was censored by Kabbalists for only those completely pure of intent, as it relates to lower realms where purity and impurity are mixed. Consequently, it formed a separate minor tradition shunned from Kabbalah. Practical Kabbalah was prohibited by the Arizal until the Temple in Jerusalem is rebuilt and the required state of ritual purity is attainable.
Wikipedia: Kabbalah   #644  
The innumerable levels of descent divide into Four comprehensive spiritual worlds, Atziluth ("Closeness" – Divine Wisdom), Beriah ("Creation" – Divine Understanding), Yetzirah ("Formation" – Divine Emotions), Assiah ("Action" – Divine Activity), with a preceding Fifth World Adam Kadmon ("Primordial Man" – Divine Will) sometimes excluded due to its sublimity. Together the whole spiritual heavens form the Divine Persona/Anthropos.
Wikipedia: Kabbalah
Wikipedia: Four Worlds   #645  
Northrop Frye
romance, tragedy, comedy, satire
Wikipedia: Anatomy of Criticism   #1157 ❤️Andrew Pashea  
developed by Fritz Perls, Laura Perls and Paul Goodman in the 1940s and 1950s, and was first described in the 1951 book Gestalt Therapy.
The theoretical foundations of Gestalt therapy essentially rests atop four "load-bearing walls": phenomenological method, dialogical relationship, field-theoretical strategies, and experimental freedom.
Wikipedia: Gestalt theory   #646  
In writing, there are three types of irony — verbal, situational, and dramatic. Verbal irony is when a person says one thing but means the opposite; Situational irony is when the opposite of what is expected happens; and. Dramatic irony is when the audience knows something that characters do not."   #1158 ❤️Marcus Petz  
The Process of Change Model is divided into four stages: late status quo, chaos, practice and integration, and new status quo.
In the first stage of change, the late status quo, Satir argued the individual is in a predictable environment. Status quo involves a set routine, fixed ideas about the world, and an established behavior. This stage is all about predictability and familiarity.
The second stage of change is chaos. Chaos, as described by Satir, occurs when something in the environment or in the individual changes. This change brings a sense of unfamiliarity and the previously stable routine can no longer be held. In the stage of chaos, here are many strong feelings like sadness, fear, confusion, stress, among others. Satir argues that in the change stage of chaos, therapists must help families and individuals navigate these emotions.
The third stage of change is practice and integration. In this stage new ideas are being implemented and individuals are figuring out what works best. Like any other skill, it requires patience and practice.
The final stage of change is the new status quo. In this stage, the new ideas, behaviors, and changes are not so new anymore. Individuals tend to acclimate to the change, figure out what works, and become better at their new skill.
Wikipedia: Virginia Satir   #647  
Homeostasis, in a general sense, refers to stability, balance, or equilibrium. Physiologically, it is the body’s attempt to maintain a constant and balanced internal environment, which requires persistent monitoring and adjustments as conditions change. Adjustment of physiological systems within the body is called homeostatic regulation, which involves three parts or mechanisms: (1) the receptor, (2) the control center, and (3) the effector.
Libre Texts. Homeostasis - Homeostatic Process.   #903  
Jesus, Frankenstein, Dracula, Zombie
resurrected from the dead, local townspeople fear and revere him, convert as many mindless followers as possible
https://free-images.com/display/jesus_vs_others.html   #905  
Di Paolo et al (2010) explicitly state that the enaction paradigm and its five, mutually implicating, foundational concepts—autonomy, sense-making, emergence, embodiment, and experience—require an Ashbian model of regulation in order to be effectively implemented in natural and artificial living systems.
Di Paolo E, Rohde M, Jaegher HD (2010) Horizons for the enactive mind: Values, social interaction, and play. In: Stewart J, Gapenne O, Di Paolo E (eds) Enaction: Towards a New Paradigm for Cognitive Science, MIT Press, Cambridge, Mass.
Stefano Franchi. General Homeostasis, Passive Life, and the Challenge to Autonomy.   #910  
0-three minds We create predictions about what people will do based on what we have encountered in the world. These predictions can be based on direct experience, as well as on representations in society and culture. Our minds work like ‘predictive texters’ to create stereotypes. These are the past truths, half-truths and untruths that we have picked up to help us get on with life quickly.
We are ‘rule scavengers’, seeking out laws in society to determine what characteristics we should display to fit in[5]. The determination to create rules results in confirmation bias, where information that fits in with preconceived ideas is readily accepted, but information that challenges our beliefs is ignored[6].
We all create stereotypes, which manifest themselves as unconscious bias. In fact, studies have shown that people who believe they are objective, or that they are not sexist, are less objective and more likely to behave in a sexist way
European Institute for Gender Equality. Sexism at work: how can we stop it?   #150   		2024
Shakespeare expressed a similar thought in Hamlet: "There's nothing good or bad but thinking makes it so."   #662  
Enchiridion of Epictetus: "Men are disturbed not by things, but by the views which they take of them."   #663  
0-three minds Femininity, masculinity
European Institute for Gender Equality. Sexism at work: how can we stop it?   #152   		2018
rational emotive behavior therapy has been identified in ancient philosophical traditions, particularly to Stoics Marcus Aurelius, Epictetus, Zeno of Citium, Chrysippus, Panaetius of Rhodes, Cicero, and Seneca, and early Asian philosophers Confucius and Gautama Buddha   #664  
0-three minds The Effect of First-Hand and Second-Hand Knowledge on Perceived Group Homogeneity and Certainty About Stereotype-Based Inferences Thalia H. Vrantsidis and William A. Cunningham https://guilfordjournals.com/doi/10.1521/soco.2021.39.4.457   #921   2021
  #922  
God Appears Before Elijah as a Tiny Whispering Sound   #155  
  #923  
The Unknowable: Spencer   #156  
Tao: Lao Tzu   #157  
Jung ego persona   #925  
nullsome
Being: Heidegger   #158  
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Individuation Jung compare with Maslow needs   #926  
nullsome
Leap: Heidegger   #159  
Jung attributes human rational thought to be the male nature, while the irrational aspect is considered to be natural female (rational being defined as involving judgment, irrational being defined as involving perceptions). Consequently, irrational moods are the progenies of the male anima shadow and irrational opinions of the female animus shadow.
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analytical_psychology   #927  
nullsome
Ultimate Concern: Tillich   #160  
  #928  
nullsome
Absolute: Schelling   #161  
The Great Spirit is an omnipresent supreme life force, generally conceptualized as a supreme being or god, in the traditional religious beliefs of many, but not all, indigenous cultures in Canada and the United States. Interpretations of it vary between cultures. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Spirit   #929 ❤️William Pahl  
Since the creation, it is believed by the Abenaki that the world has gone through three separate ages, defined by humanity and its relationship with the other animals. First, there is the Ancient Age, where humans and animals are viewed as equal, followed by the Golden Age, where humans begin to separate themselves from being like the other animals. Finally, there is the Present Age, which is marked by the current status of humans being completely separate from the rest of the animals. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abenaki_mythology   #930 ❤️William Pahl  
  #163  
Eco, evo, devo
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecological_evolutionary_developmental_biology   #934  
  #935  
0-threesomethoughtsbehaviorfeelings Thoughts (future), behavior (self), feelings (others). Wikipedia: Cognitive behavioral therapy   #681  
0-values After interviewing 24 courageous and thoughtful men and women of conscience from around the world, author Rush Kidder concluded that eight values are widely, almost universally, accepted.
  • love (compassion)—Caring for others, helping others
  • truthfulness—honesty, keeping your promises, communicating clearly and accurately, veracity, being trustworthy
  • fairness—following the Golden Rule, equality, impartiality
  • freedom—freedom of expression, freedom from oppression, freedom of action when combined with personal responsibility
  • unity—community, inclusiveness, cooperation, valuing our interdependencies
  • tolerance—acknowledging the dignity of all, respecting the rights of others, refusing to hate, being open to other points of view
  • responsibility—care for yourself, care for others, care for the future
  • respect for life—do not kill
Wikversity: Clarifying values
Kidder, Rushworth M. (1994). Shared Values for a Troubled World: Conversations with Men and Women of Conscience.   #937   		1994
Wikipedia: Isocolon - parallelism   #170  
onesome
The Universe   #171  
Dalai Lama
Encourages us, before deciding how to act, to ask ourselves:
  • Are we being broad minded or narrow minded?
  • Have we taken into account the overall situation or are we considering only selected information?
  • Is our view short-term or long term?
  • Is our motivation genuinely compassionate?
  • Is our compassion limited to our families, or friends, and those we identify with closely?
Wikiversity: Clarifying values   #939  
onesome
The One Substance: Spinoza   #172  
onesome
The Universe: the Stoics   #173  
onesome
My Autobiographical Self   #174  
  #942  
onesome
Being: Lao Tzu   #175  
In Panchagni vidyā, (meditation on the five fires), which vidyā is a specific kind of knowledge, the symbolic agni (fire) is the object of meditation and has five important aspects – the three worlds (the heaven, earth and intermediate space), man and woman; which vidyā is taught in connection with the "Doctrine of Transmigration of souls" as the "Doctrine of descent". This vidya was taught by the royal sage, Prāvāhana Jaivali, to Svetaketu, son of Uddālka Āruni.
It explains how the body is linked to the universe and why the mind’s true nature is to manifest its will in the universe.
Wikipedia: Panchagni Vidya 650 BCE   #943  
onesome
Heaven: Mo Tzu   #176  
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traditional Chinese architecture
female guardian lion, male guardian lion
Wikipedia: Chinese guardian lions   #432  
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Null: MS Access   #177  
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Religious Symbols: Tillich   #178  
0-three minds Within cognitive archaeology, the Paleolithic mind is portrayed as rational, experiential, and anthropological. Cory Stade, Clive Gamble. In Three Minds: Extending Cognitive Archaeology with the Social Brain   #690   2019
Steve Robinson
compares Species-Level Affordance Library for Static food production (farming), Rotation food production (hunting gathering), Quasi-Eusocial Enculturation (contemporary).
https://www.academia.edu/117040881/SLAL_ACA_EcoEvoDevo_Roadmap   #946  
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Logical Form: Wittgenstein   #179  
Steve Robinson
First suggested by the ecological pscyhologist J.J.Gibson in opposition to the cognitive approach in psychology, affordance remits to a continuum between individual subjectivity and the objectivity of the world around us. In other words, the relation between an agent's abilities and the physical states of its environment, "the spectrum of expectations with which the agent is endowed" (Gibson, 1979)
Humans are not 'social' beings by way of brain function but rather the brain is engaged in pluralised enculturation (affordance), thereby extending the Markov blanket. I most humbly offer this as a more cohesive explanation for human cognitive and social behavior.
Steve Robinson. Species-Level Affordance Library (SLAL).   #947  
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Structure: Barthes   #180  
testing   #692 ❤️Andrius  
Steve Robinson
 basal (Chinese - Mandarin) - α : a Comprecisant contextual-insular-inward perspective language - no external SLAL influence
 bridled (Brazilian Portuguese)- β : a heavily entropic agent-to-agent (a2a) SLAL-infused largely insular-inward perspective language
 bridge (Modern English) - γ : a prior entropic (a2a) SLAL-infused language subject to a widespread imperfect knowledge frontier
Steve Robinson. Basal & Counterfactual Comprecisance & SLAL
  #948  
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Experience: Dewey   #181  
Important trichotomies discussed by Aquinas include the causal principles (agent, patient, act).
Wikipedia: Causality
Wikipedia: Trichotomy (philosophy)   #693 ❤️Andrius  
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Possible Self-Consciousness: Kant   #182  
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Walrasian Function: Friedman   #183  
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Why?: Heidegger   #184  
Jacques Lacan's 3 orders Real, Symbolic, and Imaginary
Wikipedia: Trichotomy: Examples of Philosophical Trichotomies   #696 ❤️Andrius  
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Sacred Word: Keating   #185  
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Absolute: Buddhism   #186  
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Vanity: Ecclesiastics   #187  
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Experience: Kant   #188  
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Angular Momentum: Physics   #189  
Pask (Pask,1990) won an award from Old Dominion University, Virginia forhis Process/Product Complementarity principle. "Every process produces aproduct, every product is produced by a process" e.g. electromagnetic waves andphotons or in the case of CT applied concepts and their descriptions.
Nick Green. Axioms from interactions of actors theory. 2004   #957  
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Contemplation: Hinduism   #190  
Christopher Alexander. Three minds. Pattern involves optimization, rule of thumb...   #702 ❤️Andrius  
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Manifestations of Godhead: Hinduism   #191  
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Description: Wittgenstein   #192  
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Nature: Kant   #193  
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Pure Concept: Kant   #194  
0-three mindssensationreflection John Locke. Book II explains that every idea is derived from experience either by sensation—i.e. direct sensory information—or reflection—i.e. "the perception of the operations of our own mind within us, as it is employed about the ideas it has got."
Wikipedia: An_Essay_Concerning_Human_Understanding   #706 ❤️AK   		1689
Comparison of Sympathetic and Parasympathetic nervous systems   #962  
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Ritual: Hinduism   #195  
0-foursomesubstancesqualities In Book II, Locke focuses on the ideas of substances and qualities, in which the former are "an unknown support of qualities" and latter have the "power to produce ideas in our mind." Substance is what holds qualities together, while qualities themselves allow us to perceive and identify objects.
Wikipedia: An Essay Concerning Human Understanding   #707   		1689
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Self: Hinduism   #196  
0-threesome Shanker Self-Reg - Reframe the behaviour, recognize the stressors, reduce the stress, reflect: enhance stress awareness, and restore energy. 5 Domains represented by two cartoon people holding hands - biological, emotion, cognitive, social and prosocial
https://self-reg.ca/self-reg-101/   #964  
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Necessity: Kierkegaard   #197  
Active Inference Textbook 4.3
Bayesian inference:
specificity (the probability of a negative result in the absence of the disease)
sensitivity (the probability of a positive result in the presence of the disease   #709  
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Deciding for Others: Marsch   #198  
Edward de Bono defines four types of thinking tools:
 idea-generating tools intended to break current thinking patterns—routine patterns, the status quo
 focus tools intended to broaden where to search for new ideas
 harvest tools intended to ensure more value is received from idea generating output
 treatment tools that promote consideration of real-world constraints, resources, and support
Wikipedia: Lateral thinking   #710  
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Restlesness: Marsch   #199  
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Surplus: Economics   #200  
0-three minds Advaita is often translated as "non-duality," but a more apt translation is "non-secondness."[3] Advaita has several meanings: Nonduality of subject and object[47][48][web 2] As Gaudapada states, when a distinction is made between subject and object, people grasp to objects, which is samsara. By realizing one's true identity as Brahman, there is no more grasping, and the mind comes to rest.[48] Advaita Vedanta is a Hindu sādhanā, a path of spiritual discipline and experience,[note 3] and states that moksha (liberation from suffering and rebirth)[14][15] is attained through knowledge of Brahman, recognizing the illusoriness of the phenomenal world and disidentification from the body-mind complex and the notion of 'doership',[note 4] and acquiring vidyā (knowledge)[16] of one's true identity as Atman-Brahman,[1][17][18][19] self-luminous (svayam prakāśa)[note 5] awareness or Witness-consciousness.
Nonduality of Atman and Brahman, the famous diction of Advaita Vedanta that Atman is not distinct from Brahman; the knowledge of this identity is liberating. Monism: there is no other reality than Brahman, that "Reality is not constituted by parts," that is, ever-changing 'things' have no existence of their own, but are appearances of the one Existent, Brahman; and that there is in reality no duality between the "experiencing self" (jiva) and Brahman, the Ground of Being.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta   #968  
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Possibility: Kierkegaard   #201  
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nature_versus_nurture   #202  
Statements about God's nature must be proved for each of His essential attributes in order to prove the statement true for God (i.e., Goodness is threefold, Greatness is threefold, Eternity is threefold, Power is threefold, etc.). ... Llull revised the Art to have only four main figures. He reduced the number of divine principles in the first figure to nine (goodness, greatness, eternity, power, wisdom, will, virtue, truth, glory).
Wikipedia: Ramon Llull   #716  
Methodic school of medicine was a balance of the Empirical school and Dogmatic school. It was founded by Asclepiades. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methodic_school https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dogmatic_school https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empiric_school https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asclepiades_of_Bithynia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Themison_of_Laodicea https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pneuma#Pneumatic_school   #717  
0-foursomefreezeflightfightfawn Flight, Fight, Freeze, Fawn   #973  
Galen. On the Diagnosis and Cure of the Soul's Passion. http://www.ldysinger.com/@texts/0198_galen/03_passions.htm   #718  
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Data: Beneviste   #208  
Hobbes. Leviathan. Passions, reason (addition, substraction). Seeking causes vs. seeking possible effects. Words allow one to remember their thoughts and also to communicate them to others.
Thomas Hobbes. Leviathan.   #720  
The sympathetic nervous system is often considered the "fight or flight" system, while the parasympathetic nervous system is often considered the "rest and digest" or "feed and breed" system. In many cases, both of these systems have "opposite" actions where one system activates a physiological response and the other inhibits it. An older simplification of the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems as "excitatory" and "inhibitory" was overturned due to the many exceptions found. A more modern characterization is that the sympathetic nervous system is a "quick response mobilizing system" and the parasympathetic is a "more slowly activated dampening system", but even this has exceptions, such as in sexual arousal and orgasm, wherein both play a role.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autonomic_nervous_system   #721  
  #977 ❤️Daniel Friedman  
Four theoretic paradigms of cognitive dissonance, the mental stress people experienced when exposed to information that is inconsistent with their beliefs, ideals or values: Belief Disconfirmation, Induced Compliance, Free Choice, and Effort Justification, which respectively explain what happens after a person acts inconsistently.
Wikipedia: Cognitive dissonance   #723  
In practice, people reduce the magnitude of their cognitive dissonance in four ways:
Change the behavior or the cognition ("I'll eat no more of this doughnut.")
Justify the behavior or the cognition, by changing the conflicting cognition ("I'm allowed to cheat my diet every once in a while.")
Justify the behavior or the cognition by adding new behaviors or cognitions ("I'll spend thirty extra minutes at the gymnasium to work off the doughnut.")
Ignore or deny information that conflicts with existing beliefs ("This doughnut is not a high-sugar food.")
Wikipedia: Cognitive dissonance   #724  
E. Tory Higgins proposed that people have three selves, to which they compare themselves:
Actual self – representation of the attributes the person believes themself to possess (basic self-concept)
Ideal self – ideal attributes the person would like to possess (hopes, aspiration, motivations to change)
Ought self – ideal attributes the person believes they should possess (duties, obligations, responsibilities)
Wikipedia: Cognitive dissonance   #725  
In the 19th century, "dédoublement", or "double consciousness", the historical precursor to DID, was frequently described as a state of sleepwalking, with scholars hypothesizing that the patients were switching between a normal consciousness and a "somnambulistic state".
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dissociative_identity_disorder   #983  
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An intense interest in spiritualism, parapsychology and hypnosis continued throughout the 19th and early 20th centuries,[102] running in parallel with John Locke's views that there was an association of ideas requiring the coexistence of feelings with awareness of the feelings.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dissociative_identity_disorder   #984  
0-three minds https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sign_(semiotics) According to Ferdinand de Saussure (1857–1913), a sign is composed of the signifier[2] (signifiant), and the signified (signifié).   #729  
Hypnosis, which was pioneered in the late 18th century by Franz Mesmer and Armand-Marie Jacques de Chastenet, Marques de Puységur, challenged Locke's association of ideas. Hypnotists reported what they thought were second personalities emerging during hypnosis and wondered how two minds could coexist.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dissociative_identity_disorder   #985  
  #986 ❤️Daniel Friedman  
the three pillars of Zen—teaching, practice, enlightenment
Philip Kapleau Roshi. The Three Pillars of Zen: Teaching, Practice, and Enlightenment.   #731  
  #988  
What is it to be a (cognizing, conscious) agent?" It is:
1. to be a biologically autonomous (autopoietic) organism
2. to generate significance or meaning, rather than to act via...updated internal representations of the external world
3. to engage in sense-making via dynamic coupling with the environment
4. to 'enact' or 'bring forth' a world of significances by mutual co-determination of the organism with its enacted world
5. to arrive at an experiential awareness via lived embodiment in the world.
Wikipedia: Enactivism Steve Torrance, Tom Froese. An Inter-Enactive Approach to Agency: Participatory Sense-Making, Dynamics, and Sociality   #477   		2011
  #990  
0-three minds M1 - Gold (this is the fixed backing, or reference re-normalizatio).
M2 - Silver (more volatile, speculative?)
M3 - Balancing the peg/ration within and among M1 and M2 with respect to financial-monetary policy.
(Analogous in Cryptocurrency, slightly to BTC:ETH or BTC:Other).

Wikipedia: Bimetalism   #991 ❤️Daniel Friedman  
twosome
Judgments: Mansel   #224  
Pasak V. Gabrieliūtės, smurtą lemia lyčių stereotipai, formuojantys galios disbalansą.
„Kuo ilgiau mes siesime vyriškumą su agresija, o moteriškumą su nuolankumu ar patarnavimu, prisitaikymu, kuo mes ilgiau normalizuosime, kad tai yra įprasta santykių forma, tuo ilgiau mes turėsime tokius baisius smurto lyties pagrindu skaičius“, – sako pašnekovė.
Pasak jos, pokyčiai vyksta lėtai, nes mes tas nuostatas vis reprodukuojame.
„Jei pažiūrėsime, kaip yra vaizduojamos moterys, kiek daug yra moterų nuvertinimo, seksualizavimo, sudaiktinimo tiek žiūrint į reklamas, tiek į socialinių tinklų turinį, tiek į televizijos laidas. Labai sunku keisti normas. [...] Vietoj to, kad mes mokytume berniukus emocinio raštingumo, kad jie galėtų kurti sveikus santykius, atliepti kitų poreikius, mes berniukams vis dar dažnai sakome neverkti ir pan. Dalis vaikų auga nežinodami, kaip užjausti, kaip megzti lygiavertį santykį be kontrolės“, – aiškina V. Gabrieliūtė.
Aušra Jaruševičiūtė. Ekspertė: smurtą prieš moteris lemia lyčių stereotipai, kuriuos mes vis reprodukuojame.   #992  
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0-nullsome Ralph Waldo Emerson
 We live in succession, in division, in parts, in particles. Meantime within man is the soul of the whole; the wise silence; the universal beauty, to which every part and particle is equally related, the eternal ONE. And this deep power in which we exist and whose beatitude is all accessible to us, is not only self-sufficing and perfect in every hour, but the act of seeing and the thing seen, the seer and the spectacle, the subject and the object, are one. We see the world piece by piece, as the sun, the moon, the animal, the tree; but the whole, of which these are shining parts, is the soul.
Wikipedia: The Over-Soul   #740   		1841
Vygotsky - collaboration, interaction, engaging - beliefs, behavior, culture - authentic learning environment   #996 ❤️Tony Budak  
0-threesome Brian Rivera AGLX. OODA Loop Explained: Connections: Free Energy Principle, Active Inference, and the Constructal Law   #999   2023
twosome
God Proves that He Exists   #233  
Jürgen Habermas
truth, rightness, truthfulness
Stanford: Jürgen Habermas   #489  
In the IFS model, there are three general types of parts:
 Exiles represent psychological trauma, often from childhood, and they carry the pain and fear. Exiles may become isolated from the other parts and polarize the system. Managers and Firefighters try to protect a person's consciousness by preventing the Exiles' pain from coming to awareness.
 Managers take on a preemptive, protective role. They influence the way a person interacts with the external world, protecting the person from harm and preventing painful or traumatic experiences from flooding the person's conscious awareness.
 Firefighters emerge when Exiles break out and demand attention. They work to divert attention away from the Exile's hurt and shame, which leads to impulsive and/or inappropriate behaviors like overeating, drug use, and/or violence. They can also distract a person from pain by excessively focusing attention on more subtle activities such as overworking or overmedicating.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal_Family_Systems_Model   #746  
Data, Information, Knowledge, Wisdom
Kiko Suarez. Eight dimensions of wise design that could change everything   #1002  
There are three primary types of relationships between parts: protection, polarization, and alliance.
 Protection is provided by Managers and Firefighters. They intend to spare Exiles from harm and protect the individual from the Exile's pain.
 Polarization occurs between two parts that battle each other to determine how a person feels or behaves in a certain situation. Each part believes that it must act as it does in order to counter the extreme behavior of the other part. IFS has a method for working with polarized parts.
 Alliance is formed between two different parts if they're working together to accomplish the same goal.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal_Family_Systems_Model   #747  
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Map–territory_relation   #493  
0-threesome Poster of burdened Internal System: exile - firefighter - manager. https://ifs-institute.com/store/291   #749  
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cratylus_(dialogue) Socrates is asked by two men, Cratylus and Hermogenes, to tell them whether names are "conventional" or "natural", that is, whether language is a system of arbitrary signs or whether words have an intrinsic relation to the things they signify.   #494  
  #754  
S.T.O.P. - The survival mnemonic S.T.O.P. means Stop/Stand, Thank/Think, Observe/Orientate, Positive Plan Priority. We stop and rethink: our environment, our community, our presence, our consumption, our natural resources and our basic requirements for life. Big questions, but we start small. "A journey of a thousand miles begins with a single step" (Lao Tzu)
NomadTown S.T.O.P.   #1010 ❤️MarcusPetz  
unitybeautygoodtruth foursome
beauty, good, truth are three operators (+1,+2,+3) acting on unity (the onesome)   #243  
In the Pali canon, Vitakka-vicāra form one expression, which refers to directing one's thought or attention on an object (vitarka) and investigating it (vicāra), "breaking it down into its functional components" to understand it [and] distinguishing the multitude of conditioning factors implicated in a phenomenal event."
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitarka-vicāra   #755  
Ashtanga yoga (Sanskrit: अष्टाङ्गयोग, romanized: aṣṭāṅgayoga, "the eight limbs of yoga") is Patanjali's classification of classical yoga, as set out in his Yoga Sutras. He defined the eight limbs as yamas (abstinences), niyama (observances), asana (posture), pranayama (breathing), pratyahara (withdrawal), dharana (concentration), dhyana (meditation) and samadhi (absorption).
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashtanga_(eight_limbs_of_yoga)   #756  
0-threesome US Parks Online. S.T.O.P. stands for Sit, Think, Observe, and Plan.   #1012  
0-threesome   S: Stop: Stop. Take a brief pause.
  T: Take a Breath: Take a deliberate and mindful breath, focusing on inhalation and exhalation.
  O: Observe: Acknowledge your thoughts, feelings, and the environment without judgment.
  P: Proceed Mindfully: Proceed with intentionality, choosing a response consciously.
Mindfulness STOP Skill   #1013  
0-three minds Deseret News. Outdoor Survival Can Depend On Ability to Sit, Think, Observe, Plan   #1014   1996
0-three minds mental impressions
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samskara_(Indian_philosophy)   #759  
The Sequential Thematic Organization of Publications (STOP) method is a technique used to organize and write reports, proposals, and technical content. It brings greater outlining control to the document and improves its editorial standards.
 Idea – This list contains cards that have ideas. The cards are added as new ideas come up. This column will help your team document all your brilliant thoughts so you can later develop them. Here, you can collaborate on the best ideas to work on.
 Resources – This column houses all resources that the team members feel will be helpful when you start creating your document. It may contain links to helpful journals, inspirational content you come across, and information from any source that can back your work.
 Writing – This list holds the sections of the document that are being worked on by team members. If you are working on an introduction, place it here. When you are done with it, slide it to the next column, and start working on the next phase of the document.
 Submission and Review – The list houses the cards that have been completed and are waiting to be reviewed by the editor or peers. Published – Holds the cards that have been approved and published.
The STOP Method and How to Apply it to Trello   #1015   		1965
0-threesomeplandoreview (Assess) Plan Do Review (Review=Assess)
https://www.ge.com/renewableenergy/about-us/plan-do-review
PGL. What does ‘Plan-Do-Review’ really mean?
Terri Cawser. Assess, Plan, Do, Review – A Quick Introduction
Flik. Coaching Fundamentals: Plan, Do, Review by Brummie
  #249  
https://lifeskillsadvocate.com/blog/stop-think-act/ stop, think, act - threesome   #1017  
threesome
Gospel of John (Gary?)
knowledge (gnosko) What we know of God
faith (pisteuo) What we believe
actions (poieo, ergon) Unity of knowledge and faith   #250  
Project Achieve. The SEL Secret to Success: You Need to “Stop & Think” and “Make Good Choices”.   #1018  
https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Living_Wisely/Seeking_Real_Good Real, good
Leland Beaumont   #1019  
0-threesome threesome and the three minds
Observations (arrow: Questions) Model (Hypothesis) (arrow: Answers (?))
Prediction (arrow: Testing/Checking)
The scientific method is crap: Teman Cooke at TEDxLancaster
T.H. Cooke. The Scientific Method Is Crap   #252  
http://www.ms.lt/sodas/Mintys/Am%c5%beinaiBr%c4%99stiAr%c5%a0iaipGyventi Human freedom of attention is divergent God’s love is convergent   #1020  
0-threesomeattachmentaversionignorance Three Poisons or Three Fires * The three primary causes of unskillful action that lead to the creation of "negative" karma; the three root kleshas:
* Ydingas nusistatymas: Attachment (Pāli: lobha; Sanskrit: rāga; Tib.: འདོད་ཆགས་ 'dod chags)
* Ydingas vykdymas: Aversion (Pali: doha; Sanskrit: dveṣa; Tib.: ཞེ་སྡང་ zhe sdang; Mn: урин хилэн, urin khilen; 瞋 Cn: chēn; Jp: jin; Vi: sân)
* Ydingas permąstymas: Ignorance (Pāli: moha; Sanskrit: moha; Tib.: གཏི་མུག་ gti mug)   #253  
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Show_and_tell   #1021  
0-threesome threesome
TLC album "CrazySexyCool". Crazy - vykdyti, Sexy - permąstyti, Cool - nusistatyti.
Wikipedia: CrazySexyCool   #254   		1994
The Nursing and Midwifery Council (NMC) Code of Conduct describes four professional standards: prioritise people, practice effectively, preserve safety, promote professionalism and trust.
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/297922054_%27If_it%27s_not_written_down_It_didn%27t_happen%27   #1022  
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Aaron Beck0-three mindsautomatic thoughtintermediate beliefcore belief The cognitive model was originally constructed following research studies conducted by Aaron Beck to explain the psychological processes in depression. It divides the mind beliefs in three levels:
Automatic thought
Intermediate belief
Core belief or basic belief
Wikipedia: Cognitive therapy
Aaron Beck. Depression: Causes and Treatment. 1967.
Aaron Beck. Cognitive Therapy and the Emotional Disorders   #665   		1967
Aaron Beck0-threesome Negative views about oneself, the world, the future. Wikipedia: Beck's cognitive triad   #680   1967
Abel and Habermas0-foursome foursome
Universal Validity Claims: Abel and Habermas   #293  
Abraham Maslow0-needs Abraham Maslow
physiological, safety, social, esteem, self-actualization
Wikipedia: Maslow's hierarchy of needs
Abraham Maslow. A Theory of Human Motivation.   #449   		1943
Abraham Maslow0-values Maslow describes a metaneed as any need for knowledge, beauty, or creativity. Metaneeds are involved in self-actualization and constitute the highest level of needs, coming into play primarily after the lower level needs have been met. In Maslow's hierarchy, metaneeds are associated with impulses for self-actualization. His list of Metaneeds:
Wholeness (unity) Perfection (balance and harmony) Completion (ending) Justice (fairness) Richness (complexity) Simplicity (essence) Liveliness (spontaneity) Beauty (rightness of form) Goodness (benevolence) Uniqueness (individuality) Playfulness (ease) Truth (reality) Autonomy (self-sufficiency) Meaningfulness (values)
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metamotivation
Abraham Maslow. The Farther Reaches of Human Nature.   #739   		1971
active inference0-three minds sensory data, generative model, predictive error
Shamil Chandaria. The Free Energy Principle and predictive processing.   #1050   		2023
active inference0-three minds Feed Forward Network prediction errors, Generative Model Predictions 'Predictive Model
is the third mind given by prediction errors?
Shamil Chandaria. The Free Energy Principle and predictive processing.   #1051   		2023
active inferencetwosomeenvironmentsystem Active inference uses Markov blankets to disambiguate
  • system - an adaptive system, such as a living organism, which exerts active control over its states to keep them within acceptable ranges, thus is capable of being surprised
  • environment - that which a system can be surprised about, which manifests environmental dynamics
Thomas Parr, Giovanni Pezzulo, Karl Friston. Active Inference: The Free Energy Principle in Mind, Brain and Behavior 3.2 Markov Blankets   #60   		2006
active inferencethreesomemindbehaviorbrain The title of this active inference textbook refers to three domains: mind, brain and behavior.
Thomas Parr, Giovanni Pezzulo, Karl Friston. Active Inference: The Free Energy Principle in Mind, Brain and Behavior   #61   		2022
active inferencenullsomefree energy principle The free energy principle is the minimization of (variational) free energy. It equates existence, self-evidencing and enactive inference. It is the "first principle" of active inference, and ranges far beyond it, beyond neural information processing to ground all of biology, including evolutionary, cellular and cultural.
Thomas Parr, Giovanni Pezzulo, Karl Friston. Active Inference: The Free Energy Principle in Mind, Brain and Behavior   #63   		2006
active inferencetwosomelow roadhigh road In the active inference community, pedagogically, there are two roads to active inference.
  • The low road develops active inference as a process theory, a biologically plausible mechanistic explanation how a neural system, a Bayesian brain, infers and represents, optimally and approximately, probable causes of whatever it senses.
  • The high road motivates active inference as a normative solution for the problem of a living system to persist and act adaptively in a changing environment. Minimizing free energy is what living organisms must do, and minimizing surprise is why they do it.
Thomas Parr, Giovanni Pezzulo, Karl Friston. Active Inference: The Free Energy Principle in Mind, Brain and Behavior, 1.4.1 Part 1: Active Inference in Theory   #64   		2022
active inferencethreesomeplandoperceive Active inference recognizes that making sense of our sensations is an active process of self-evidencing, which manifests in all we plan, do and perceive.
 To illustrate the simplicity of Active Inference—and what we are trying to explain—place your fingertips gently on your leg. Keep them there motionless for a second or two. Now, does your leg feel rough or smooth? If you had to move your fingers to evince a feeling of roughness or smoothness, you have discovered a fundament of Active Inference. To feel is to palpate. To see is to look. To hear is to listen. This palpation does not necessarily have to be overt—we can act covertly by directing our attention to this or that. In short, we are not simply trying to make sense of our sensations; we have to actively create our sensorium. In what follows, we will see why this has to be the case and why everything that we perceive, do, or plan is in the compass of one existential imperative—self-evidencing.
Thomas Parr, Giovanni Pezzulo, Karl Friston. Active Inference: The Free Energy Principle in Mind, Brain and Behavior, Preface.   #65   		2022
active inferenceonesomeself-evidencing ...everything that we perceive, do, or plan is in the compass of one existential imperative — self-evidencing.
Thomas Parr, Giovanni Pezzulo, Karl Friston. Active Inference: The Free Energy Principle in Mind, Brain and Behavior, Preface   #66   		2022
active inferencenullsomefundamental existential challenge of existence The normative aspect of Active Inference is that living organisms must face their fundamental existential challenges. The fundamental challenge is existence, in other words, survival and adaptation. Organisms face this by developing adaptive strategies, namely, minimizing their free energy. Active inference researchers similarly face the challenge of creating good models of themselves and other systems.
 Unlike many other approaches to computational neuroscience, the challenge is not to emulate a brain, piece by piece, but to find the generative model that describes the problem the brain is trying to solve. Once the problem is appropriately formalized in terms of a generative model, the solution to the problem emerges under Active Inference — with accompanying predictions about brains and minds. In other words, the generative model provides a complete description of a system of interest. The resulting behavior, inference, and neural dynamics can all be derived from a model by minimizing free energy.
 Getting the generative model right — as an apt explanation for the sentient behavior of any experimental subject or creature — is the big challenge.
Thomas Parr, Giovanni Pezzulo, Karl Friston. Active Inference: The Free Energy Principle in Mind, Brain and Behavior   #67   		2022
Active Inference0-onesome Set of all states. Markov blanket.   #864  
Active Inference0-twosome environment vs. organism (internal models)   #865  
active inferencethreesomeserveactinfer The logo of the Active Inference institute includes the motto:
  • act
  • serve
  • infer
Active Inference Institute   #105   		2022
active inferencethree mindsenactivepredictivecybernetic The Active Inference textbook explains that this theoretical framework unites and extends three apparently disconnected theoretical perspectives:
  • enactive theories, emphasizing an organism's autopoietic interactions with its environment, statistically separating internal states from external environment with a Markov blanket, protecting the organism's integrity, self-organizing behavior, keeping its parameters within acceptable bounds, affording reciprocal exchanges between organism and environment.
  • cybernetic theories, treating behavior as purposive and teleological, regulated by an internal mechanism that continuously tests whether goals are achieved, consequently updating perceptions and steering corrective actions, minimizing the discrepancy between preferred and sensed states, notably the variational free energy, corresponding to prediction error.
  • predictive theories, emphasizing the development of a good (generative) model of the environment (per the good regulator theorem) used to construct predictions that guide perception and action, evaluate future and counterfactual possibilities, approaching control as a prospective process, established in terms of (approximate) Bayesian inference and (variational and expected) free energy minimization, grounding action in imagination, triggering actions with predictive representations, temporarily attenuating sensory evidence.
Thomas Parr, Giovanni Pezzulo, Karl Friston. Active Inference: The Free Energy Principle in Mind, Brain and Behavior. 3.7 Reconciliation of Enactive, Cybernetic, and Predictive Theories ­under Active Inference   #142   		2022
active inference0-foursomefree energygenerative model: likelihoodQ-distributiongenerative model: prior Free energy plays the role of the negative log model evidence. The Q distribution acts as if it were the posterior probability.
To calculate the ­free energy, we need three things: data, a ­family of variational distributions, and a generative model (comprising a prior and a likelihood).
Thomas Parr, Giovanni Pezzulo, Karl Friston. Active Inference: The Free Energy Principle in Mind, Brain, and Behavior. 4.2 From Bayesian Inference to Free Energy.   #708  
active inference Active Inference
external states, sensory states, internal states, active states
Wikipedia: Free energy principle   #464  
Adam Grantthree mindspreachingprosecutingpoliticking American organization psychologist Adam Grant authored a book on individual, interpersonal and collective rethinking. He attributed to Phil Tetlock the following three mindsets we take up in thinking and talking.
  The risk is that we become so wrapped up in preaching that we're right, prosecuting others who are wrong, and politicking for support that we don't bother to rethink our own views.
An alternative is a fourth way of thinking, scientific, based on the scientific method, focused on rethinking, on knowing what we don't know.
Adam Grant. Think Again: The Power of Knowing What You Don't Know.   #666   		2021
Adam Smith In a passage of Adam Smith's An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations, he discusses the concepts of value in use and value in exchange, and notices how they tend to differ:
The word VALUE, it is to be observed, has two different meanings, and sometimes expresses the utility of some particular object, and sometimes the power of purchasing other goods which the possession of that object conveys. The one may be called "value in use;" the other, "value in exchange." The things which have the greatest value in use have frequently little or no value in exchange; on the contrary, those which have the greatest value in exchange have frequently little or no value in use. Nothing is more useful than water: but it will purchase scarcely anything; scarcely anything can be had in exchange for it. A diamond, on the contrary, has scarcely any use-value; but a very great quantity of other goods may frequently be had in exchange for it.
Wikipedia: Labor theory of value   #1059   		1776
Agatha Christie0-foursomeopportunitymotive Motive v. Opportunity
The persons who had the opportunity to do the deed did not have the motive as the will favoured them. On the other hand, the people with the motive did not have the opportunity.
https://agathachristie.fandom.com/wiki/Motive_v._Opportunity   #1048   		1928
Aigen foursome
Cognition: Aigen   #285  
al-Kindi0-onesometruth https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/al-kindi/   #750   850
al-Kindi0-nullsomefirst truth and cause of all truth https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/al-kindi/   #751   850
al-Kindithree mindsfrequencyletteranalysis Abū Yūsuf Yaʻqūb ibn ʼIsḥāq aṣ-Ṣabbāḥ al-Kindī, father of Arab philosophy, developed a method of cryptanalysis which compared the frequency of each symbol in an encrypted text with the typical frequency of each letter in a text.
Wikipedia: Al-Kindi   #752   		850
Alan Hevner Relevance Cycle (reflecting), Rigor Cycle (taking a stand), Design Cycle (following through)
Alan R. Hevner. A Three Cycle View of Design Science Research   #269  
Alan Marshall libertarian extension, ecologic extension, conservation ethics
Wikipedia: Environmental ethics   #409  
Alan Wattsthree mindsI knowI know that I knowI know that I know that I know English philosophical entertainer Alan Watts mused
There was a young man who said,“Though
It seems that I know that I know.
What I would like to see
Is the I that knows me
When I know that I know that I know.”
Man In Nature. The Tao of Philosophy.   #732 ❤️WP   		1965
Alan Wattsthree mindsorganicmechanicaldramatic English lecturer Alan Watts spoke of three theories of nature.
  • 1) Western Mechanical theory: ...nature is a machine or an artifact. We inherit this from the Hebrews who believed that nature was made by God in somewhat the same way as a potter makes a pot out of clay, or a carpenter makes a table out of wood.
  • 2) Hindu Dramatic theory: the world is māyā (माया) ... magic, illusion, art, play. All the world’s a stage. ... all sense experiences are vibrations of the Self—not just your self, but the Self—and all of us share this Self in common because it is pretending to be all of us.
  • 3) Chinese Organic theory: zìrán (自然) ... what happens of itself ... the principle of the Tao is spontaneity ... There is no principle that forces things to behave the way they do. It is a completely democratic theory of nature. ... not interfering with the course of events ... if you can’t trust yourself, you can’t trust anybody
Man In Nature. The Tao of Philosophy.   #733 ❤️WP   		1965
Albert Einstein0-system Einstein field equations have 4 independent variables (1 energy and 3 momentum) and 10 = 4+6 nonlinear partial differential field equations.
Shounak Bhattacharya. Einstein field equations explained
Wikipedia: Einstein field equations
  #1152   		1915
Albert Ellis American psychotherapist Albert Ellis taught the A-B-C-D-E-F model of psychological disturbance and change.
  • A Adversity
  • B Beliefs about adversity
  • C Emotional consequences
  • D Disputations to challenge beliefs about adversity
  • E Effective new rational beliefs
  • F New feelings
Wikipedia: Rational emotive behavior therapy   #660   		1955
Albert Ellisthree mindsirrationalrationaleducation American psychotherapist Albert Ellis developed rational emotive behavior theory. Faced with adversity, people choose between innate responses:
  • rational (self-helping, socially helping, constructive) making themselves feel sorry, disappointed, frustrated, or annoyed, which is healthy and self-helping.
  • irrational (self-defeating, socially defeating, unhelpful) making themselves feel horrified, terrified, panicked, depressed, self-hating, self-pitying, which is healthy and self-defeating.
Responding to adversity irrationally leads to emotional difficulties (self-blame, self-pity, clinical anger, hurt, guilt, shame, depression, anxiety) and unhealthy behavior (procrastination, compulsiveness, avoidance, addiction, withdrawal). An alternative is:
  • education, whereby the therapist teaches the client to identify irrational, self-defeating, rigid, extreme, unrealistic, illogical, absolutist outlooks, to actively question them and replace them with rational, self-helping ones.
Wikipedia: Rational emotive behavior therapy   #661   		1955
Alcaeus0-three minds Alcaeus of Mytilene
wine, window into a man
Herodotus
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In_vino_veritas
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcaeus
  #1131   		-590
alchemyonesomeprima materia Theatrum Chemicum, a compendium of alchemical writings, includes a description of prima materia, the primitive formless base for all matter, thus the starting point of alchemy, having all the qualities and properties of elementary things.
  They have compared the "prima materia" to everything, to male and female, to the hermaphroditic monster, to heaven and earth, to body and spirit, chaos, microcosm, and the confused mass; it contains in itself all colors and potentially all metals; there is nothing more wonderful in the world, for it begets itself, conceives itself, and gives birth to itself.
Wikipedia: Prima materia   #53   		1613
alchemyonesomeprima materia German alchemist Martin Ruland the Younger described prima materia in his "Lexicon alchemiae":
 ...the philosophers have so greatly admired the Creature of God which is called the Primal Matter, especially concerning its efficacy and mystery, that they have given to it many names, and almost every possible description, for they have not known how to sufficiently praise it.
He lists more than 50 synonyms: Microcosmos, The Philosophical Stone, The Eagle Stone, Water of Life, Venom, Poison, Chamber, Spirit, Medicine, Heaven, Clouds, Nebula or Fog, Dew, Shade, Moon, Stella Signata and Lucifer, Permanent Water, Fiery and Burning Water, Salt of Nitre and Saltpetre, Lye, Bride - Spouse - Mother - Eve, Pure and Uncontaminated Virgin, Milk of Virgin - or the Fig, Boiling Milk, Honey, A Spiritual Blood, Bath, A Syrup, Vinegar, Lead, Tin, Sulphur of Nature, Spittle of the Moon, Ore, The Serpent, The Dragon, Marble - Crystal - Glass, Scottish Gem, Urine, Magnesia, Magnet, White Ethesia, White Moisture, White Smoke, Dung, Metallic Entity, Mercury, The Soul and Heaven of the Elements, The Matter of all Forms, Tartar of the Philosophers, Dissolved Refuse, The Rainbow, Indian Gold, Heart of the Sun, Chaos, Venus, Healer, Angel of violet light.
Wikipedia: Prima materia   #54   		1612
Alcoholics Anonymous0-three mindsyesterdaytomorrowtoday There are two days in every week about which we should not worry,
One of these days is YESTERDAY, With its mistakes and cares, Its faults and blunders, Its aches and pains. YESTERDAY has passed forever beyond our control.
The other day we should not worry about is TOMORROW With its possible adversities, its burdens, its larger promise.
TOMORROW is also beyond our immediate control.
It is not the experience of TODAY that drives us mad.
It is remorse or bitterness for something which happened YESTERDAY
And the dread of what TOMORROW may bring.
Anonymous. Yesterday, Today and Tomorrow.   #970  
Alcoholics Anonymous According to a 1955 speech by Bill W., co-founder of Alcoholics Anonymous:
The circle stands for the whole world of AA, and the triangle stands for AA’s Three Legacies of Recovery, Unity, and Service. Within our wonderful new world, we have found freedom from our fatal obsession. That we have chosen this particular symbol is perhaps no accident. The priests and seers of antiquity regarded the circle enclosing the triangle as a means of warding off spirits of evil, and AA’s circle and triangle of Recovery, Unity, and Service have certainly meant all of that to us and much more.” The Origin & History Of AA’s Logo   #972  
Aldous Huxleyground Ground Wikipedia: Perennial philosophy: Aldous Huxley and mystical universalism   #436  
Aldous Huxleythree mindspersonallyobjectivelyuniversally English author Aldous Huxley advised:
  The most richly satisfying essays are those which make the best not of one, not of two, but of all the three worlds in which it is possible for the essay to exist.
  • the personal and the autobiographical (through the keyhole of anecdote and description)
  • the objective, the factual, the concrete-particular (from relevant data to general conclusions)
  • the abstract-universal (high abstractions)
Wikipedia: Essay: Definitions
Aldous Huxley. Collected Essays. Preface.   #475   		1960
Alexander Grothendieck It is traditional to distinguish three kinds of "qualities" or "aspects" of things in the Universe which adapt themselves to mathematical reflections. These are (1) Number(**); (2) Magnitude and (3) Form
 One can also speak of them as the "arithmetical aspect", the "metric aspect" and the "geometric aspect" of things. In most of the situations studied in mathematics, these three aspects are simultaneously present in close interaction. Most often, however, one finds that one or another of them will predominate. It's my impression that for most mathematicians its quite clear to them ( for those at least who are in touch with their own work) if they are "arithmeticians", "analysts", or "geometers", and this remains the case no matter how many chords they have on their violin, or if they have played at every register and diapason imaginable.
 The year 1955 marked a critical departure in my work in mathematics: that of my passage from "analysis" to "geometry". I well recall the power of my emotional response ( very subjective naturally); it was as if I'd fled the harsh arid steppes to find myself suddenly transported to a kind of "promised land" of superabundant richness, multipying out to infinity wherever I placed my hand in it, either to search or to gather...
That is to say that, if there is one thing in Mathematics which ( no doubt this has always been so) fascinates me more than anything else, it is neither "number", nor "magnitude" but above all "form". And. among the thousand and one faces that form chooses in presenting itself to our attention, the one that has fascinated me more than any other, and continues to fascinate me, is the structure buried within mathematical objects. One cannot invent the structure of an object. The most we can do is to patiently bring it to the light of day, with humility - in making it known it is "discovered". If there is some sort of inventiveness in this work, and if it happens that we find ourselves the maker or indefatigable builder, we aren't in any sense "making" or "building" these structures. They hardly waited for us to find them in order to exist, exactly as they are! But it is in order to express, as faithfully as possible, the things that we've been detecting or discovering, to deliver up that reticent structure, which we can only grasp at, perhaps with a language no better than babbling. Thereby are we constantly driven to invent the language most appropriate to express, with increasing refinement, the intimate structure of the mathematical object, and to "construct" with the help of this language, bit by bit, those "theories" which claim to give a fair account of what has been apprehended and seen.
And the most beautiful mansion, the one that best reflects the love of the true workman, is not the one that is bigger or higher than all the others. The most beautiful mansion is that which is a faithful reflection of the structure and beauty concealed within things.
Grothendieck. Structure and Form - or the Voice of Things.   #1026   		1986
Alexander Grothendieckthree mindsmagnitudenumbergeometry French mathematician Alexander Grothendieck, reflecting on his life work and its unifying vision.
  • One might say that "Number" is what is appropriate for grasping the structure of "discontinuous" or "discrete" aggregates. These systems, often finite, are formed from "elements", or "objects" conceived of as isolated with respect to one another.
  • "Magnitude" on the other hand is the quality, above all, susceptible to "continuous variation", and is most appropriate for grasping continous structures and phenomena: motion, space, varieties in all their forms, force fields, etc. Thereby , Arithmetic appears to be ( overall) the science of discrete structures while Analysis is the science of continuous structures.
  • As for Geometry, one can say that in the two thousand years in which it has existed as a science in the modern sense of the word, it has "straddled" these two kinds of structure, "discrete" and "continuous".
  For some time in fact one can say that the two geometries considered to be distinct species, the discrete and the continuous, weren't really "divorced". They were rather two different ways of investigating the same class of geometric objects: one of them accentuated the "discrete" properties ( notably computational and combinatorial) while the other concerned itself with the "continuous" properties ( such as location in an ambient space, or the measurement of "magnitude" in terms of the distances between points, etc.)
  It was at the end of the last century that a divorce became immanent, with the arrival and development of what came to be called" Abstract (Algebraic) Geometry". Roughly speaking, this consisted of introducing, for every prime number p, an algebraic geometry "of characteristic p", founded on the model (continous) of the Geometry ( algebraic) inherited from previous centuries, however in a context which appeared to be resolutely "discontinuous", or "discrete".
Alexander Grothendieck. The New Geometry: or the Marriage of Number and Magnitude.   #1027   		1986
Alexandra Baezthree mindsconfusionharmonycultivation American gardener Alexandra Baez championed the formal garden as reflecting a well ordered mind.
 And so I mused upon the human mind:
 Its own mild garths and cool Augustan plots
 Were laid for promenades—sedate, refined—
 A genteel garden park, it seems, of thoughts.
 Or so it might appear—yet gather close,
 O marveling guest, round something slantwise spied:
 An errant feature free of plan or pose—
 A rankling thing you’d wish you hadn’t eyed!
 Here, stark, the prankster stands—perhaps a spire
 Of malice rising prideful in the air;
 Perhaps a wild confusion of desire;
 Perhaps a raw delusion, none too rare. [...]
 Observe: my own best traits were raised by force
 In soil hauled in from some more fertile strand.
 My consciousness, when nature takes its course,
 Still bristles, as if tended by no hand.
John Baez. The Formal Gardens, and Beyond.   #1139   		2024
Algirdas GreimasfoursomeS₂¬S₁¬S₂S₁ Lithuanian-French semiotician Algirdas Greimas, in "Semantique Structurale", applied Aristotle's logical square of opposition to cultural concepts, yielding the semiotic square.
  • S₁ is a positive seme, such as "everything"
  • S₂ is a negative seme, the opposite of S₁, such as "nothing"
  • ¬S₁ is not S₁, not positive, such as "something"
  • ¬S₂ is not S₂, not negative, such as "anything"
Wikipedia: Semiotic square   #90   		1966
Algirdas Julius Greimas twosome
Speech: Greimas   #238  
Alice Shellabarger Hall0-three minds Alice Shellabarger Hall. Thrift: Demonstrating How to Develop Character, Efficiency and Success
Image   #965   		1919
Allison Greenthree mindsdivergentconvergentlateral American educator Allison Green emphasizes
 Our ability and tendency to think critically and carefully takes precedence over content knowledge, not only in the classroom but in the wider world around us. There are thought to be three different modes of thinking: lateral, divergent, and convergent thought.
  • Convergent thinking (using logic). This type of thinking is also called critical, vertical, analytical, or linear thinking. It generally refers to the ability to give the “correct” answer to standard questions that do not require significant creativity. This includes most tasks in school and on standardized tests. Convergent thinking is the type of thinking that focuses on coming up with the single, well-established answer to a problem. When an individual is using convergent thinking to solve a problem, they consciously use standards or probabilities to make judgments.
  • Divergent thinking (using imagination). This type of thinking is also called creative or horizontal thinking. It is a thought process or method used to generate creative ideas by exploring many possible solutions. When a student uses divergent thinking, thoughts typically occur in a spontaneous, free-flowing way. Many possible solutions are explored in a short amount of time, and unexpected connections are more easily drawn. After the process of divergent thinking has been completed, ideas and information are organized and structured using convergent thinking.
  • Lateral thinking (using both logic and imagination). This type of thinking is commonly referred to as “thinking outside the box.” It involves solving problems through an indirect and creative approach, using reasoning that is not immediately obvious and involving ideas that may not be obtainable by using only traditional step-by-step logic. To understand lateral thinking, it is necessary to compare convergent and divergent thinking and build a working relationship between the two types.
Allison Green. Boston Tutoring Services. The Three Modes Of Thinking.   #1004 ❤️William Pahl   		2019
Anaxagorasnullsomecosmic mind (nous) Greek philosopher Anaxagoras believed that nous (νοῦς), a cosmic Mind or Reason, segregated like from unlike and arranged them. Mind is pure and independent, everywhere the same, manifesting the same. Mind is of finer texture than the mixture that is the universe. Mind is all knowing, all powerful and rules all life forms.
Wikipedia: Anaxagoras   #88   		-450
Anaxagorasonesomeintermixture Greek philosopher Anaxagoras believed that the world is an intermixture of imperishable ingredients, which do not change in the absolute sense, but do change in the relative sense. For the cosmic Mind segregates like from unlike, and so the original completely confused chaotic mixture of infinitely small fragments gradually takes on meaningful forms, which have properties based on the preponderance of their ingredients.
Wikipedia: Anaxagoras   #89   		-450
Anaximanderonesomethe infinite Anaximander, a student of Thales, asserted that the original principle was ἄπειρον (apeiron), the infinite, the boundless. He understood this temporally and spatially. It could give birth to whatever will be. Thus the Earth did not float in an ocean but rather floated in the infinite, as in free space.
Wikipedia: Anaximander   #73   		-560
Anaximandertwosomeprimordial matteruniverse The Greek philosopher Anaximander taught that the universe originated from the infinite, the unlimited, the apeiron, a primal chaos, through the separation of opposites - hot and cold, wet and dry - distinguishing the four elements. The infinite is indestructible, and from it all things come and all things return.
Wikipedia: Anaximander   #74   		-560
Anaximenes of Miletusonesomeair Anaximenes of Miletus, a student of Anaximander, believed that air is the arche, the basic element from which the universe is created. Air could change into other forms by becoming more dense (condensation), yielding wind, clouds, water, earth and stone, or less dense (rarefaction), yielding fire. The Earth floated in air, as did the Sun and stars.
Wikipedia: Anaximenes of Miletus   #75   		-535
Ancient Egypt Ancient Egypt
khet, sah, ren, ba, ka, ib, shut, sekhem, akh, hr
Ancient Egyptian conception of the soul   #501  
ancient Greecethree mindsbeautifulvirtuousand The ancient Greek phrase καλὸς κἀγαθός (kalos kagathos) means the beautiful (kalos) and virtuous (agathos). Since the days of Herodotus it described the ideal man, the gentleman, the chivalrous warrior. The Athenian aristocracy thus referred to itself.
Wikipedia: Kalos kagathos   #7   		-430
Andreas Holmer Andreas Holmer
Systems Thinking (i.e., the act of considering whole systems) is a necessary skillset for effective structural leadership. So. What exactly is Systems Thinking?  1. Stocks and Flows. “Systems thinkers see the world as a collection of stocks along with the mechanisms for regulating the levels in the stocks by manipulating flows.” ― Donella H. Meadows At the most basic level, Systems Theory teaches us that complex systems are made up of stocks and flows. Take your bank account as an example. The state of that system is the amount of money you have in stock. And each time you make a deposit or a withdrawal, money either flows in or out of that stock — changing the system’s state over time. Trust is another good example. If trust was a battery (as Shopify CEO Tobias Lütke is fond of saying), that battery would either charge or discharge depending on your interactions with other people. And the state the system — its stock — is the amount of trust you managed to accumulate and retain over time.
 2. Feedback Loops. “You think that because you understand ‘one’ that you must therefore understand ‘two’ because one and one make two. But you forget that you must also understand ‘and.’” ― Donella H. Meadows Complex systems are complex because they contain stocks and flows on the one hand, and a myriad of interconnections on the other. Imagine, if you will, that you’ve manage to accumulate a bit of money in your bank account. If you’re like most people, you might use this as an excuse to spend a little more as well — buying that new phone you’ve been wanting. This “perceived state” is a negative feedback loop. The more money you have in your account, the more money you are likely to spend. And this is true for trust as well: the more trust you’ve got built up with another person, the more likely you are to ask them for favors. You save and you spend. The system self regulates.
  3. Leverage Points “If you define the goal of a society as GNP, that society will do its best to produce GNP. It will not produce welfare, equity, justice, or efficiency”. ― Donella H. Meadows Every system has a purpose. That is, its stocks, flows, and interconnections are organized to produce a certain outcome. You can influence that outcome by way of targeted interventions. In the case of the economy, you can for example tweak the interest rate. An increase will remove money from circulation (money flows into your account). A decrease will stimulate consumption (money flows out of your account). Whether you find this desirable or not depends on your point of view (good for you, bad for society). And that is the most potent leverage point of all: no intervention is as powerful as changing the intended output. Just imagine an economy designed for happiness rather than growth! I got my first exposure to Systems Thinking back in 2014 courtesy of Donella H. Meadows’ book Thinking in Systems: A Primer (from which I’ve sourced the above quotes). And if you want more information on leverage points, I can recommend this essay — also penned by Meadows and recommended by fellow Systems Thinker Christopher McCann (Thanks Chris!). Next week’s issue will seize on the above notion of “intended output” to talk about disruptive innovation. As it happens, Systems Thinking provides a great backdrop for understanding this illusive and much sought after ideal.
Andreas Holmer. Three Hallmarks of Systems Thinking   #1006 ❤️William Pahl   		2020
Andrzej Trautmanthree mindsphotonsmonopolefield Polish mathematical physicist Andrzej Trautman identified the Dirac monopole with the Hopf fibration, shocking both physicists and mathematicians.
John L. Friedman. Historical note on fiber bundles.
Andrzej Trautman. Solutions of the Maxwell and Yang-Mills equations associated with hopf fibrings.   #1111   		1977
Anna Schneider, Alex Smolyanskayathree mindsdata signalsproject needsboundaries for decisions Californian data scientists Anna Schneider and Alex Smolyanskaya blogged about lumpers and splitters, as relevant in their work for Stitch Fix, a personal styling service.
 In the same way that genomics has dramatically changed biologists’ ability to identify narrow species and group them into complex hierarchies, a bounty of rich individual-level data has enabled data scientists to create increasingly fine taxonomies for clients, behaviors, and products. Yet, in both worlds, it can sometimes be more productive to focus on fewer, larger groups to streamline decision-making. The approach for drawing the boundaries therefore needs to take into account signals from the data while maintaining sharp focus on the project needs.
 On one hand, fewer segments enable clarity and speed of execution, especially when the decisions are made by humans. On the other hand, the finest splits can help us understand the true diversity, reveal blind spots, and highlight promising opportunities.
 If your use case requires cohesive, well-separated clusters, the silhouette coefficient can measure this; if clusters should be stable, bootstrapped evaluation of the Jaccard coefficient can measure this; if fit of individuals to their segments is important, log likelihood can measure this.
Anna Schneider, Alex Smolyanskaya. Lumpers and Splitters: Tensions in Taxonomies   #951   		2018
anonymousthree mindsanimalmachine The anonymous blogger of "The Animal and the Machine" appeals to evolution as explaining psychology.
 Emotions are in the limbic system first appearing in mammals 150 million years ago. It is the animal.
 Thoughts are in the cerebrum. Although also very old the variant that splits from chimps is only 7 million years ago (myo) and apes 14myo. These are the machine parts.
 Our purpose comes from emotions. They drive us. People will vote for hate over logic. Logic loses. But hope is closer to happiness so people will vote for hope over hate. Love wins.
 It’s like whenever you find a truth. A theory that matches reality. You keep seeing it be proved again and again because it’s just true.
 The machine is the calculator you, the traditional ‘head’ but the ‘real’ you is the animal, the ‘heart’. Of course both are you but the animal feels like the real you because the animal feels, the machine does not. Please the animal.
 There are two mes and I need to please them both. There is the parent and there is person. Parent duties comes first. I try to take every moment, stopping to look at birds with my child rather than yanking forward to putting them in nursery.
The Animal and the Machine. Mathstodon. 2024.10.25
01 The Animal and the Machine   #727   		2023
Anoop Kumarthree mindsindividualityshared identityabsence of differentiation Emergency physician Anoop Kumar addresses destructive behaviors with a call for a medicine based on three minds.
  • First Mind: the mind is felt to be localized in or near the head or body of the individual. The mind is felt to be a subtle, internal, subjective phenomenon, in comparison to the more solid, palpable feel of the body and surrounding objects in the external, apparently objective environment. Here, mind and matter feel, and therefore are imagined to be, fundamentally different. Most essentially, the First Mind is characterized by boundedness (‘me’ in here and ‘world’ out there), and as a result, dichotomy.
  • Second Mind: there are billions of individual minds like you and me on Earth, all of which exist as subsets of a single, experienceable Second Mind, which is simply another configuration of our identity. In between these First and Second Minds are the varied ranges of extended identities we describe as family, friendship, community, profession, race, and nation, often with deep meaning.
  • Third Mind: the undifferentiated potential state of the world, prior to interpretation as discrete experiences across any subject-object interface. Therefore, the Third Mind can also be referred to as no mind, since in the absence of difference all concepts fail.
Anoop Kumar. The three minds: A framework beyond biopsychosocial medicine.   #688   		2021
Anoop Kumar0-three minds Three of the four most well-known mahavakyas (great sayings) of Advaita Vedanta have to do with identity. These three are:
tat tvam asi (you are that ultimate reality)
ayam atma brahma (my self is the ultimate reality)
aham brahmasmi (I am ultimate reality)
https://www.numocore.com/post/origin-of-the-three-minds   #967   		2020
Anselme Polycarpe Batbiethree mindssoulmind French academic Anselme Polycarpe Batbie wrote in a public letter:
 Several of my friends urged me to respond with Burke’s famous line:
 “Anyone who is not a republican at twenty casts doubt on the generosity of his soul; but he who, after thirty years, perseveres, casts doubt on the soundness of his mind.”
Quote Origin: If You Are Not a Liberal at 25, You Have No Heart. If You Are Not a Conservative at 35 You Have No Brain   #1065   		1872
Anthropologythree mindseconomicmartialsacral French mythographer Georges Dumézil investigated his trifunctional hypothesis that prehistoric Proto-Indo-European society (and subsequent Southern Russian, Germanic, Norse, Greek, Indian societies) consisted of three classes as reflected in myths.
  • performed economic functions and were ruled by the other two classes.
  • Warriors waged war.
  • Priests judged in disputes and tended to supernatural concerns.
Wikipedia: Trifunctional hypothesis   #22   		1929
Antonio Damasio0-three minds Portuguese-American neuroscientist Antonio Damasio
Wikipedia: Somatic marker hypothesis   #659  
Antonio Rosmini idea of being
Wikipedia: Antonio Rosmini   #434  
Antonio Rosminithree mindstoo few assumptionstoo many assumptionsthe required assumptions Italian philosopher Antonio Rosmini, in A New Essay concerning the Origin of Ideas, observed
  • sensationalists cannot explain the origins of ideas
  • idealists posit more ideas or forms than are necessary.
He concluded: In explaining facts connected with the human spirit, we must not make fewer assumptions than are required to explain them... [nor must we] make more assumptions than are needed to explain the facts
Stanford: Antonio Rosmini   #435   		1830
Apocryphon of Johnnullsomeincorruption Apocryphon of John, a Gnostic text attributed to John the Apostle, describes the Monad.
 The Monad is a monarchy with nothing above it. It is he who exists as God and Father of everything, the invisible One who is above everything, who exists as incorruption, which is in the pure light into which no eye can look. "He is the invisible Spirit, of whom it is not right to think of him as a god, or something similar. For he is more than a god, since there is nothing above him, for no one lords it over him. For he does not exist in something inferior to him, since everything exists in him. For it is he who establishes himself. He is eternal, since he does not need anything. For he is total perfection.
Wikipedia: Monad (Gnosticism)   #762   		180
Archilochusthree mindsknow many thingsknow one big thing Greek lyric poet Archilochus, according to Aristotle, contemplated
 a fox knows many things, but a hedgehog knows one big thing
Wikipedia: The Hedgehog and the Fox   #668   		-650
Aristotle Leland Beaumont: In Book 6 of the Nicomachean Ethics, Aristotle distinguishes between two intellectual virtues which are sometimes translated as "wisdom": sophia and phronesis. Sophia is the true conception of the first principles of existence and that which follows from them. This is perfect wisdom, the wisdom of the gods, unattainable by mortal men. This ultimate form of wisdom is sometimes called “Theoretical wisdom” and is often intimately tied to theology. Phronesis, sometimes translated as “practical wisdom” is the highest level of insight attainable by mortals; the wise deliberation about human affairs. https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Wisdom#Defining_Wisdom   #773  
Aristotlefirst principle Aristotle
first principle
Wikipedia: First principle   #525  
Aristotlefoursomefinalformalefficientmaterial Aristotle (384-322 BCE) in his Physics and his Metaphysics, spoke of four kinds of reasons - four causes - that could be given as explanations why.
  • material cause is the natural, latent potential of the raw material, as with marble
  • formal cause is the pattern or form by which a thing is of a particular type, as with an iconic image
  • efficient cause is the agent which causes change and drives transient motion, as with a chisel
  • final cause is the end or purpose for the sake of which a thing is done, as with a statue
Wikipedia: Four causes
Stanford: Aristotle on Causality   #41   		-329
Aristotlethree mindssensitiverational Aristotle (384-322 BCE) distinguished three kinds of soul.
  • Plants have a nutritive soul by which they nourish themselves and reproduce.
  • Animals moreover have a sensitive soul by which they sense, feel pleasure and pain, and desire, may imagine and remember.
  • Humans moreover have a rational soul by which they think when they wish, possibly falsely.
Wikipedia: On the Soul   #42   		-350
Aristotlethree mindspossible intellectagent intellect Aristotle argued that since the mind can think when it wishes, there must be two faculties:
  • Possible intellect is a "blank tablet" which stores the abstract concepts that the mind can consider.
  • Agent intellect recalls these ideas and combines them to form thoughts. It also abstracts the content of sensed objects and stores that as concepts in the possible intellect.
Wikipedia: On the Soul   #43   		-350
Aristotlethree mindspathoslogosethos Greek philosopher Aristotle, in his Rhetoric, distinguished three modes of persuasion - grounds on which speakers appeal to their audiences:
  • pathos (suffering or experience) evokes emotions, appeals to what is familiar to the audience, their ideals
  • ethos (character) appeals to the speaker's authority and credibility, their qualifications, their character, how they balance passion and caution
  • logos (word, discourse or reason) is an appeal to logic, facts and figures, derivations
Wikipedia: Modes of persuasion   #97   		-357
Aristotlethree mindsrhetoriclogicdialectic Aristotle, in his Rhetoric, distinguishes between rhetoric and dialectic. He also was a founder of classical logic, although the term "logic" came later. All three have the function of providing arguments. We can infer a distinction.
  • Rhetoric considers what arguments are persuasive or not.
  • Logic considers what arguments are, of themselves, valid or not.
  • Dialectic considers what arguments are illuminating in arguing for and against.
Stanford: Aristotle's Rhetoric   #124   		-357
Aristotle Aristotle
excess, mean, deficiency
Wikipedia: Golden mean (philosophy)   #471  
Aristotle foursome
Aristotle
body (soma)
soul (psyche)
mind (nous)
In the philosophy of Aristotle the soul (psyche) of a body is what makes it alive, and is its actualized form; thus, every living thing, including plant life, has a soul. The mind or intellect (nous) can be described variously as a power, faculty, part, or aspect of the human soul. For Aristotle, soul and nous are not the same. He did not rule out the possibility that nous might survive without the rest of the soul, as in Plato, but he specifically says that this immortal nous does not include any memories or anything else specific to an individual's life. In his Generation of Animals Aristotle specifically says that while other parts of the soul come from the parents, physically, the human nous, must come from outside, into the body, because it is divine or godly, and it has nothing in common with the energeia of the body.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nous   #498  
Aristotle0-three minds In his Nicomachean Ethics, Book VI Aristotle divides the soul (psychē) into two parts, one which has reason and one which does not, but then divides the part which has reason into the reasoning (logistikos) part itself which is lower, and the higher "knowing" (epistēmonikos) part which contemplates general principles (archai).
Wikipedia: Nous   #499  
Aristotle Aristotle
Nous, he states, is the source of the first principles or sources (archai) of definitions, and it develops naturally as people gain experience.[24] This he explains after first comparing the four other truth revealing capacities of soul: technical know how (technē), logically deduced knowledge (epistēmē, sometimes translated as "scientific knowledge"), practical wisdom (phronēsis), and lastly theoretical wisdom (sophia), which is defined by Aristotle as the combination of nous and epistēmē. All of these others apart from nous are types of reason (logos).
Wikipedia: Nous   #500  
Aristotle Aristotle
passive intellect, active intellect
Wikipedia: Active intellect   #502  
Aristotle0-nullsomeunmoved mover Aristotle
unmoved mover
Wikipedia: Unmoved mover   #503  
Arnold van Gennep Arnold van Gennep
preliminary, liminal, post-liminal
Wikipedia: Arnold van Gennep   #400  
art0-three_minds major, minor, accent   #143  
Arthur Koestler Arthur Koestler
holon
Wikipedia: Holon (philosophy)   #388  
Arthur Schopenhauer0-three mindswillrepresentationredemption Schopenhauer argues that the world humans experience around them—the world of objects in space and time and related in causal ways—exists solely as "representation" (Vorstellung) dependent on a cognizing subject, not as a world that can be considered to exist in itself (i.e., independently of how it appears to the subject's mind). One's knowledge of objects is thus knowledge of mere phenomena rather than things in themselves. Schopenhauer identifies the thing-in-itself — the inner essence of everything — as will: a blind, unconscious, aimless striving devoid of knowledge, outside of space and time, and free of all multiplicity. The world as representation is, therefore, the "objectification" of the will. Aesthetic experiences release one briefly from one’s endless servitude to the will, which is the root of suffering. True redemption from life, Schopenhauer asserts, can only result from the total ascetic negation of the "will to life".
Wikipedia: The World as Will and Representation   #806   		1818
Arthur Schopenhauer0-foursome Arthur Schopenhauer. Becoming, knowing, being, willing. Wikipedia: On the Fourfold Root of the Principle of Sufficient Reason   #834   1813
Arthur Schopenhauer Arthur Schopenhauer
four books: epistemology, ontology, aesthetics, ethics
Wikipedia: The World as Will and Representation   #835   		1818
Arthur Schopenhauerthree mindswillrepresentationconsciousness German philosopher Arthur Schopenhauer agreed with Kant that we know objects only as phenomena, by their appearances, yet argued, by analogy with one's own body, that we can identify the underlying thing-in-itself with will - a blind, unconscious, aimless striving, devoid of knowledge, outside of space and time, free of all multiplicity. This will objectifies the world as representation.
 The double knowledge which we have of the nature and action of our own body, and which is given in two completely different ways, ... we shall use further as a key to the inner being of every phenomenon in nature. We shall judge all objects which are not our own body, and therefore are given to our consciousness not in the double way, but only as representation, according to the analogy of this body. We shall therefore assume that as, on the one hand, they are representations, just like our body, and are in this respect homogeneous with it, so on the other hand, if we set aside their existence in the subject's representation, what still remains over must be, according to its inner nature, the same as what in ourselves we call will.
John Cutting. Principles of psychopathology: two worlds, two minds, two hemispheres
Wikipedia: The World as Will and Representation   #836   		1818
Arthur Schopenhauer Schopenhauer duality (influenced Cutting)   #595  
artificial intelligence artificial intelligence applications
classifiers, controllers
Wikipedia: Artificial intelligence: Classifiers ans statistical learning methods   #535  
artificial intelligencethree mindsneural networkssymbolic processingcombined The history of artificial intelligence has two main threads.
  • Neural networks are bottom up implementations inspired by the connections by which neurons in the brain process information. In 1943, Walter Pitts and Warren McCulloch analyzed networks of idealized artificial neurons.
  • Top down implementations are based on high-level symbolic representations of problems, concepts, logic and algorithms. In 1955, Allen Newell and Herbert Simon created the Logic Theorist, which proved theorems in logic and math.
  • Combined approaches are increasingly popular.
Wikipedia: History of artificial intelligence   #36   		1955
Ashby0-foursome full-function, part-function, step-function, null-function
https://archive.org/details/designforbrain00ashb/page/80/mode/2up   #915  
Augustinethree mindssense perceptionpersonal intellectual activityreason African bishop Augustine, a Church Father, described how God illuminates the mind.
  • sense perception through first-hand acquaintance yields knowledge of sensible objects
  • personal intellectual activity yields intellectual insights into mathematical and logical truths and fundamental moral intuitions because we see them for ourselves
  • reason sees the truth regarding intellectual objects when God illuminates them
Stanford: Augustine of Hippo
Saint Augustine. The Soliloquies.   #774   		387
Augustine of Hippo foursome
Augustine of Hippo
literal, allegorical, tropological, anagogical
Wikipedia: Four senses of Scripture   #466  
Babyloniathree mindsluckyunluckyinterpretation The remnants of the Royal Library of Ashurbanipal, found at the site of the Assyrian capital Nineveh, include a clay tablet by the Babylonians of the Cassite period, with interpretations of dreams. In taking auguries, one usually faced north, with the right hand toward the lucky east, and the left hand toward the unlucky west. It remains unclear if this was related to the hemispheres of the brain, keeping in mind that a hemisphere is linked to its own side of the head but the opposite arm. In analyzing births and also the liver, defects on the unlucky side signaled luck, and vice versa.
 If he gaze toward the right his adversary will die.
 If he gaze toward the left his adversary will overcome him.
 If he look backward he will not attain his desire.
 If his right eye flow, sickness will appear.
 If his left eye flow, his heart will be glad.
Stephen Langdon. A Babylonian Dream Tablet on the Interpretation of Dreams.   #933   		-1450
Barry O’Toolethree mindssplitterslumpers American Catholic priest George Barry O’Toole argued in The Case Against Evolution
 In practice, however, the classifications of systematists are often very arbitrary, and we find the latter divided into two factions, the ‘lumpers’ who wish to reduce the number of systematic groups and the ‘splitters’ who have a passion for breaking up larger groups into smaller ones on the basis of tenuous differences.
Glenn Branch. Whence Lumpers and Splitters?
George Barry O’Toole. The Case Against Evolution.   #950   		1925
Baruch Spinozathree mindsrandom experiencereasonintuition Dutch Portuguese Jewish philosopher Baruch Spinoza, in his Ethics, distinguished
  • the first kind of knowledge - knowledge from random experience, sensory images, pains and pleasures, confused ideas, from a given perspective at a given time, that something is, arising from effects upon the body
  • the second kind of knowledge - reason, true and adequate ideas, perfect knowledge, of what and how and why things are, and could not be otherwise, arising from discourse and inference, comprehending its causal and conceptual relations to all things, including the modes of God, what is inherently necessary and not contingent
  • the third kind of knowledge - intuition, personally grasps what is known by reason with a single unified insight
Stanford: Baruch Spinoza   #11   		1677
Baruch Spinoza Baruch Spinoza
I have laboured carefully not to mock, not to lament, and not to detest, but to understand human actions.
Works of Spinoza, A Political Treatise, translation by Elwes, Vol. 1, p. 288.
  #807 ❤️MP  
Baruch Spinoza Baruch Spinoza
actions, passions
Stanford: Baruch Spinoza   #374  
Baruch Spinoza0-onesomesubstance Baruch Spinoza
substance
Wikipedia: Baruch Spinoza   #504  
Beck and Cowan0-needs Don Edward Beck and Christopher Cowan based on Clare W. Graves
  • Beige — SurvivalSense — Instinctive
  • Purple — KinSpirits — Clannish
  • Red — PowerGods — Egocentric
  • Blue — TruthForce — Purposeful
  • Orange — StriveDrive — Strategic
  • Green — HumanBond — Relativistic
  • Yellow — FlexFlow — Systemic
  • Turquoise — GlobalView — Holistic
Wikipedia: Spiral Dynamics   #699   		1996
Ben Udell Ben Udell
earlier, just now, almost now, later
Ben Udell. Special relativity's light cone & the mind's temporal perspectives   #429  
Benjamin Libet0-threesome Benjamin Libet and colleagues showed in 1983 that the subjective experience of conscious intention followed the readiness potential (a key neural marker preceding voluntary action), rather than preceding it, as an intuitive dualism might imagine.
Patrick Haggard. An intellectual history of the “Libet experiment”: embedding the neuroscience of free will.   #1061  
Bernardo Kastrup0-three mindsunconsciousphenomenal consciousnessmeta-consciousness Depth psychology finds empirical validation today in a variety of observations that suggest the presence of causally effective mental processes outside conscious experience. I submit that this is due to misinterpretation of the observations: the subset of consciousness called “meta-consciousness” in the literature is often mistaken for consciousness proper, thereby artificially creating space for an “unconscious.” The implied hypothesis is that all mental processes may in fact be conscious, the appearance of unconsciousness arising from our dependence on self-reflective introspection for gauging awareness.
Bernardo Kastrup. There Is an ‘Unconscious,’ but It May Well Be Conscious   #825   		2017
Bill Melton0-threesome Networks of inspiration, technologies of the future, communities of transformation.Bill Melton. Creating a Flourishing World.   #876   2017
biologythree mindsinnateadaptive A jawed fish originated the acquired immune system that is found in vertebrates.
  • Innate immune system preconfigures a response to general situations and stimuli.
  • Adaptive immune system learns to recognize molecules it has previously encountered, and tailors a response accordingly.
Novel jaw structures and a predatory life style may have increased localized injuries and infections.
Wikipedia: Immune system
Wikipedia: Adaptive immune system: Evolution
T Matsunaga, A Rahman. What brought the adaptive immune system to vertebrates?--The jaw hypothesis and the seahorse.   #877   		-420000000
Blackfeet Nation0-needs Blackstock represents Cross’ ideas in the circular model below: ... This circular model reveals thinking in line with many First Nations: depending on the situation, the order in which our needs must be met is subject to change. A circular model captures the inter-relatedness of our needs and helps highlight that we can experience needs simultaneously and in changing order. https://www.madinamerica.com/2022/12/blackfoot-wisdom-inspired-maslow-guide-us-now/   #1008  
Blackfeet nation0-needs The Blackfoot model describes the inverse of Maslow’s Hierarchy:
 Self-actualization. Where Maslow’s hierarchy ends with self-actualization, the Blackfoot model begins here. In their view, we are each born into the world as a spark of divinity, with a great purpose embedded in us. That means that we arrive on earth self-actualized.
 Belonging. After we’re born, imbued with a divine purpose, the tribe is there to love and care for us.
 Basic Needs & Safety. While in Maslow’s model, we find love and belonging only after attending to our basic needs and safety, the Blackfoot model describes that our tribe or community is the means through which we are fed, housed, clothed, and protected. The tribe knows how to survive on the land and uses that knowledge and skill to care for us.
 Community Actualization. In tending to our basic needs and safety, the tribe equips us to manifest our sacred purpose, designing a model of education that supports us in expressing our gifts. Community actualization describes the Blackfoot goal that each member of the tribe manifest their purpose and have their basic needs met.
 Cultural Perpetuity. Each member of the tribe will one day be gone. So passing on their knowledge of how to achieve community actualization and harmony with the land and other peoples gives rise to an endurance of the Blackfoot way of life, or cultural perpetuity.
Could the Blackfoot Wisdom That Inspired Maslow Guide Us Now?   #1009  
Boris Uspenskij Boris Uspenskij
spatial, temporal, psychological, phraseological, ideological
Wikipedia: Narration: Literary theory   #544  
Brendan Fong, David Spivak0-three mindshypothesis and predictionexperimentobservation David Spivak
hypothesis, prediction, experiment, observation
Brendan Fong, David Spivak. Seven Sketches in Compositionality: An Invitation to Applied Category Theory   #924   		2018
Brian Swimmeonesomeuniverse Evolutionary cosmologist Brian Swimme offers a grand view of the cosmos, including meaning, purpose and value.
 If you look at the disasters happening on our planet, it's because the cosmos is not understood as sacred ... a way out of our difficulty is a journey into the universe as sacred.
 This is the greatest discovery of the scientific enterprise: You take hydrogen gas, and you leave it alone, and it turns into rosebushes, giraffes, and humans.
Wikipedia: Brian Swimme
Susan Bridle. Comprehensive Compassion: An Interview with Brian Swimme.   #898 ❤️KZ   		1990
Buckminster Fuller threesome
Structures: Fuller (Tensegrity)   #267  
Buckminster Fuller angle, frequency
Buckminster Fuller   #546  
Buckminster Fuller mind, brain
Buckminster Fuller   #547  
Buckminster Fuller tuned-out, tuned-in
Buckminster Fuller   #548  
Buckminster Fuller tension, compression
Buckminster Fuller   #549  
Buckminster Fuller0-conceptions syntropy, entropy
Buckminster Fuller   #550  
Buckminster Fuller gravity, radiation
Buckminster Fuller   #551  
Buckminster Fuller macro-comprehensive, micro-intensive
Buckminster Fuller   #552  
Buckminster Fuller 542.04 Beauty and symmetry are inherent and make superficially "good" the three additional interrelationships: thankfulness, maximum economy, and wisdom. They also make "good" all the remaining cases on balance__the 32 cases (Sec. 1044) of all the simplest cosmically conceptual and structurally realizable systems of Universe.
https://monoskop.org/images/4/46/Fuller_R_Buckminster_Synergetics_1997.pdf   #1075 ❤️Daniel Friedman   		1979
Buckminster Fuller 542.01 This triadic concept is exclusively planar__ergo, nonexistent. What is inadvertently omitted is the observer of the planar triad, whose observer position marks the fourth corner of the tetrahedron, the minimum system. Fig. 542.02 542.02 The observer-plus-the-observed, Beauty, Symmetry, and Truth are the four unique system-defining characteristics. It is possible that Plato might have approved a systematic reordering of his statement to read: The observer (as a truth) observing three other truths constitutes a system whose macro-micro- Universe-differentiating capability displays inherent symmetry and beauty__symmetry of four vertexes subtending four faces and symmetry of any two opposite pairs of its six edges precessionally subtending one another, together with the beauty of accomplishing such symmetry and Universe- differentiating with the minimum of structural system interrelationships. (See Fig. 542.02.)
https://monoskop.org/images/4/46/Fuller_R_Buckminster_Synergetics_1997.pdf   #1089 ❤️Marcus Petz  
Buckminster Fullermotherfatherchild three minds
R.Buckminster Fuller Synergetics 1200.00
father, mother, child   #329  
Buckminster Fuller 521.06 A vector has two vertexes with angles around each of its vertexial ends equal to 0 degrees. Every vector is reversible, having its negative alternate. For every point in Universe, there are six uniquely and exclusively operative vectors. (See Sec. 537, Twelve Universal Degrees of Freedom.) 521.07 Every event is six-vectored. There are six vectors or none.
https://monoskop.org/images/4/46/Fuller_R_Buckminster_Synergetics_1997.pdf   #1115  
Buckminster Fuller 223.05 Two Kinds of Twoness: There are two kinds of twoness: (1) the numerical, or morphationally unbalanced twoness; and (2) the balanced twoness. The vector equilibrium is the central symmetry through which both balanced and unbalanced asymmetries pulsatingly and complexedly intercompensate and synchronize. The vector equilibrium's frequency modulatability accommodates the numerically differentiated twonesses.
https://monoskop.org/images/4/46/Fuller_R_Buckminster_Synergetics_1997.pdf   #1117  
Buckminster Fuller 223.06 There are four kinds of positive and negative: (1) the eternal, equilibrium-disturbing plurality of differentially unique, only- positively-and-negatively-balanced aberratings; (2) the north and south poles;(3) the concave and convex; and (4) the inside (microcosm) and outside (macrocosm), always cosmically complementing the local system's inside-concave and outside-convex limits.
https://monoskop.org/images/4/46/Fuller_R_Buckminster_Synergetics_1997.pdf   #1118  
Buckminster Fuller 223.07 There is a fourfold twoness: one of the exterior, cosmic, finite (“nothingness”) tetrahedron__i.e., the macrocosm outwardly complementing all (“something”) systems__and one of the interior microcosmic tetrahedron of nothingness complementing all conceptually thinkable and cosmically isolatable "something" systems.
https://monoskop.org/images/4/46/Fuller_R_Buckminster_Synergetics_1997.pdf   #1119   		1975
Buckminster Fuller 223.08 A pebble dropped into water precessionally produces waves that move both outwardly from the circle's center__i.e., circumferentially of the Earth sphere__and reprecessionally outwardly and inwardly from the center of the Earth__i.e., radially in respect to the Earth sphere. Altogether, this interregeneratively demonstrates (1) the twoness of local precessional system effects at 90 degrees, and (2) the Universe-cohering gravitational effects at 180 degrees. These are the two kinds of interacting forces constituting the regenerative structural integrity of both subsystem local twonesses and nonunitarily conceptual Scenario Universe. The four cosmically complementary twonesses and the four local system twonesses altogether eternally regenerate the scientific generalization known as complementarity. Complementarity is sum-totally eightfoldedly operative: four definitive local system complementations and four cosmically synergetic finitive accountabilities.
https://monoskop.org/images/4/46/Fuller_R_Buckminster_Synergetics_1997.pdf   #1120   		1979
Buckminster Fuller 537.15 A basic event consists of three vectorial lines: the action, the reaction, and the resultant. This is the fundamental tripartite component of Universe. One positive and one negative event together make one tetrahedron, or one quantum. The number of vectors (or force lines) cohering each and every subsystem of Universe is always a number subdivisible by six, i.e., consisting of one positive and one negative event on each of three vectors, which adds up to six. This holds true topologically in all abstract patterning in Universe as well as in fundamental physics. The six vectors represent the fundamental six, and only six, degrees of freedom in Universe. Each of these six, however, has a positive and a negative direction, and we can therefore speak of a total of 12 degrees of freedom. These 12 degrees of freedom can be conceptually visua!ized as the radial lines connecting the centers of gravity of the 12 spheres, closest packed around one sphere, to the center of gravity of that central sphere. The 12 degrees of freedom are also identified by the push- pull alternative directions of the tetrahedron's six edges.
https://monoskop.org/images/4/46/Fuller_R_Buckminster_Synergetics_1997.pdf   #1121   		1979
Buckminster Fullerthree mindsGoNo-go12 options American visionary thinker Buckminster Fuller developed his metaphysical thinking, Synergetics, on a scaffolding of three-dimensional geometry.
 537.52 It is clear to me that most humans tend to think in a linear, Go-or No-go, greenlight-redlight manner. To me, will is an optionally exercisable control by mind over brain__by wisdom over conditioned reflex-that becomes realizable when mind is adequately convinced regarding which of the 12 alternatives will produce the most comprehensively considerate vital advantage for all.
 537.53 In a lesser way will becomes operative when the individual finds himself in terminal peril and has only seconds to "pull out" of a tailspin, when he becomes "cool," that is, when he discovers swiftly which of the alternative moves can save him, and exercises his will to execute the survival procedures.
 537.54 Will determines what we should do in all the special case circumstances. Will is not a muscle thing__not the clenched fist__at all. People say I have a strong will, but what I have is a fairly clear view of the options of humanity and the commitments to their realization. It is thus that I determine what course to take in the special cases confronting us.
R. Buckminster Fuller. Synergetics: Explorations in the Geometry of Thinking.   #1122   		1979
Buckminster Fuller 537.06 Four Sets of Actions, Reactions, and Resultants: Nature always employs only the most economical intertransformative and omnicosmic interrelatedness behavioral stratagems. With each and every event in Universe-no matter how frequently recurrent- there are always 12 unique, equieconomical, omnidirectionally operative, alternate-action options, which 12 occur as four sets of three always interdependent and concurrent actions, reactions, and resultants. This is to say that with each high frequency of recurring turns to play of each and all systems there are six moves that can be made in 12 optional directions.
https://monoskop.org/images/4/46/Fuller_R_Buckminster_Synergetics_1997.pdf   #1123  
Buckminster Fuller 251.01 The ability to identify all experience in terms of only angle and frequency.
https://monoskop.org/images/4/46/Fuller_R_Buckminster_Synergetics_1997.pdf   #1124  
Buckminster Fuller Buckminster Fuller
251.02 The addition of angle and frequency to Euler’s inventory of crossings, areas, and lines as absolute characteristics of all pattern cognizance.
https://monoskop.org/images/4/46/Fuller_R_Buckminster_Synergetics_1997.pdf   #1125  
Buckminster Fuller Buckminster Fuller
251.021 Synergetics adds four additional topological aspects to Euler's three cosmically unique aspects of vertexes, faces, and edges. Synergetics adds (1) angles, (2) irrelevant untuned insideness and outsideness, (3) convexity and concavity, and (4) axis of spin, making a total of seven topological aspects (see Sec. 1044.00); synergetics has also recognized the addition of frequency as being always physically manifest in every special case.
https://monoskop.org/images/4/46/Fuller_R_Buckminster_Synergetics_1997.pdf   #1126  
Buckminster Fuller0-foursome know-how, know-what
Buckminster Fuller. Synergetics. 326.01   #457  
Buckminster Fuller twosome
metaphysical, physical
Buckminster Fuller. Synergetics. 326.01   #458  
Buckminster Fuller twosome
synergetic, energetic
Buckminster Fuller. Synergetics. 326.02   #459  
Buckminster Fuller Buckminster Fuller
universal events within system, universal events outside system, universal events before system, universal events after system, the system's events, universe's events coinciding with system events
Buckminster Fuller. Synergetics. 400.011   #460  
Buddhathree mindsself-indulgenceself-mortificationrightness Siddhartha Gautama, the Buddha, after his awakening, in roughly 520 BCE, gave his first sermon at Sarnath, near the Ganges and Varuna rivers.
 Monks, these two extremes ought not to be practiced by one who has gone forth from the household life.
  • There is an addiction to indulgence of sense-pleasures, which is low, coarse, the way of ordinary people, unworthy, and unprofitable;
  • and there is an addiction to self-mortification, which is painful, unworthy, and unprofitable.
  • Avoiding both these extremes, the Perfect One has realized the Middle Path; it gives vision, gives knowledge, and leads to calm, to insight, to enlightenment and to Nibbana. And what is that Middle Path realized by the Tathagata...? It is the Noble Eightfold Path, and nothing else, namely: right understanding, right thought, right speech, right action, right livelihood, right effort, right mindfulness and right concentration.
Wikipedia: Middle Way   #966   		-300
Buddhism Buddha, Dharma, Sangha
Wikipedia: Refuge in Buddhism   #520  
Buddhism image, sensation, perception, prejudice, discernment
Wikipedia: Skandha   #521  
Buddhismemptiness emptiness
Mahāyāna Buddhism
Wikipedia: Śūnyatā   #522  
Buddhism provisional truth, ultimate truth
Wikipedia: Two truths doctrine   #523  
Buddhism The Nine Consciousness is a concept in Buddhism, specifically in Nichiren Buddhism, that theorizes there are nine levels that comprise a person's experience of life. It fundamentally draws on how people's physical bodies react to the external world, then considers the inner workings of the mind which result in a person's actions.
 the five senses (touch, taste, sight, hearing, smell
  The sixth consciousness is when one learns to understand what is being taken in from the five senses. This is the level that integrates all the sensory input gathered by the first five levels.[6] It achieves this by processing all the data and information, then identifies what is communicated. Wikipedia: The Nine Consciousness   #568  
Buddhism The Buddha taught that consciousness is always continuing, like a stream of water. Consciousness has four layers. The four layers of consciousness are mind consciousness, sense consciousness, store consciousness, and manas.
https://www.lionsroar.com/the-four-layers-of-consciousness/   #826  
BuddhismfoursomeNirmanakaya (Transformation body)Sambhogakaya (Enjoyment body)Dharmakaya (Reality body) The Trikāya (three body) doctrine, त्रिकाय, 三身, posits that a Buddha has three distinct bodies, aspects, facets of enlightenment, in which they simultaneously dwell:
  • Dharmakaya (Reality body) is the ultimate reality, the essence of enlightenment itself, including emptiness, Buddha nature, and pure existence beyond material and spiritual forms
  • Sambhogakaya (Enjoyment body) is the bliss and reward of Buddhahood, lived by the divine Buddhas of the Buddha realms, the result of spiritual practice in their spiritual journey, fulfilling vows and commitments
  • Nirmanakaya (Transformation body) is the physical appearance of a Buddha in historical world, allowing them to bridge divine and human, make accesible the teachings, interact with and guide sentient beings on their path to enlightenment
The Yogacara school formally systematized these distinct ideas.
Wikipedia: Trikaya   #101   		300
Buddhismthree mindslusthatedelusion The Buddha, in the Fire Sermon, spoke of three fires which lead to all negative states.
 The mind is burning, ideas are burning, mind-consciousness is burning, mind-contact is burning ... Burning with what? Burning with the fire of lust, with the fire of hate, with the fire of delusion.
In the Mahayana tradition they are known as the three poisons (kleshas), and in the Theravada tradition as the three unwholesome roots. They are symbolized by the rooster, snake, pig, respectively, at the center of the wheel of life. They feed on each other as a three-cycle. Their opposites, essential for liberation, are generosity (non-attachment), loving-kindness (non-hatred), wisdom (non-delusion).
Adittapariyaya Sutta: The Fire Sermon
Wikipedia: Ādittapariyāya Sutta
Wikipedia: Three poisons
Tricycle. What are the three poisons? (Greed, hatred and delusion)   #676   		-250
Buddhism0-threesome Buddhist Three Jewels: teacher Buddha, teaching Dharma, (taught) community Sangha - external supports for achieving realization   #165  
Buddhismthree mindsconcretenessconcretenessemptiness Indian Buddhist monk Nāgārjuna, founder of the Mādhyamaka school of Mahāyāna Buddhism, distinguished two levels of satya (truth or reality).
  • Provisional, conventional truth describes our daily experience of a concrete world. (Sanskrit saṁvṛti-satya, Pāli sammuti sacca, Tibetan kun-rdzob bden-pa)
  • Ultimate truth describes ultimate reality as empty of concrete and inherent characteristics. (Sanskrit paramārtha-satya, Pāli paramattha sacca, Tibetan: don-dam bden-pa)
Wikipedia: Two truths doctrine   #685   		-200
Buddhism The five aggregates or heaps of clinging are:
form (or material image, impression) (rupa)
sensations (or feelings, received from form) (vedana)
perceptions (samjna)
mental activity or formations or influences of a previous life (sanskara)
discernment (vijnana)
Wikipedia: Skandha   #687  
Buddhism0-three minds Kaccāna, this world mostly relies on the dual notions of existence and non-existence. But when you truly see the origin of the world with right understanding, you won't have the notion of non-existence regarding the world. And when you truly see the cessation of the world with right understanding, you won't have the notion of existence regarding the world. The world is for the most part shackled by attraction, grasping, and insisting. But if—when it comes to this attraction, grasping, mental fixation, insistence, and underlying tendency—you don't get attracted, grasp, and commit to the notion 'my self', you'll have no doubt or uncertainty that what arises is just suffering arising, and what ceases is just suffering ceasing. Your knowledge about this is independent of others.
Wikipedia: Middle Way
Wikipedia: Pratītyasamutpāda   #969   		-300
Buddhism twosome
Reference: Buddhism   #214  
Buddhism twosome
Permanence: Buddhism   #215  
Buddhism twosome
Mystical Experience: Buddhism   #216  
Carl Jung Carl Jung
personality theory
extraversion, intraversion
Wikipedia: Extraversion and introversion   #421  
Carl Jung Carl Jung
personality theory
extraversion, intraversion
Wikipedia: Extraversion and introversion   #422  
Carl Jung Carl Jung
thinking, feeling, intuition, sensation
Wikipedia: Jungian cognitive functions   #423  
cartoonsthree mindspersuasionforcecompetition American traveler Edward P. Montague recounted:
 I remember to have seen a caricature of a "donkey race", to illustrate the idea that persuasion is better than force: the riders brought their donkeys up to the stand, one having a bunch of famous carrots tied at the end of a stick, the other having a few strong blackthorn twigs. The race commences; the blackthorn twigs were brought into "abusive use", but the donkey wouldn't mend his pace: while the other was galloping along after the bunch of carrots, which were suspended "ahead of him," a little beyond his reach.
Edward P. Montague. Narrative of the Late Expedition to the Dead Sea: From a Diary by One of the Party.
Wikipedia: Carrot and stick   #1040   		1849
Cassirer twosome
Symbolic Representation: Cassirer   #234  
Catholicism0-three mindsbodyintellectwill https://www.catholiccrossreference.online/catechism/#!/search/1703-1709/fn/1703:5
1703 Endowed with "a spiritual and immortal" soul,5 the human person is "the only creature on earth that God has willed for its own sake."6 From his conception, he is destined for eternal beatitude. 5. GS 14 § 2. 6. GS 24 § 3. 30 339 (all) 1704 The human person participates in the light and power of the divine Spirit. By his reason, he is capable of understanding the order of things established by the Creator. By free will, he is capable of directing himself toward his true good. He finds his perfection "in seeking and loving what is true and good."7 7. GS 15 § 2. 1730 (all) 1705 By virtue of his soul and his spiritual powers of intellect and will, man is endowed with freedom, an "outstanding manifestation of the divine image."   #896 ❤️MP  
Chaïm Perelmanthree mindsrhetoriclogicdialectic Belgian-Polish-Jewish philosopher Chaïm Perelman, in his The Realm of Rhetoric, compared rhetoric with logic and dialectic.
  • rhetoric is focused on the audience, so as to win them over
  • logic develops a series of valid and compelling inferences
  • dialectic advances arguments from theses that are generally accepted towards those that are more controversial
Ralph H. Johnson. Revisiting the Logical/Dialectical/Rhetorical Triumvirate.
Wikipedia: Chaïm Perelman   #126   		1982
Charles Darwin three mindssplitterslumpersevolution English evolutionary biologist Charles Darwin wrote to Joseph Dalton Hooker of the disagreement between splitters (who treat varieties as distinct species) and lumpers (who lump several varieties into one species) as evidence predicted by the hypothesis of evolution.
 I am got extremely interested in tabulating according to mere size of genera, the species having any varieties marked by greek letters or otherwise: the result (as far as I have yet gone) seems to me one of the most important arguments I have yet met with, that varieties are only small species—or species only strongly marked varieties. The subject is in many ways so very important for me; I wish much you would think of any well-worked Floras with from 1000–2000 species, with the varieties marked. It is good to have hair-splitters & lumpers.
Glenn Branch. Whence Lumpers and Splitters?   #949   		1857
Charles H. Hamm0-three minds Charles H. Hamm, Mind and Hand, : "It is easy to juggle with words, to argue in a circle, to make the worse appear the better reason, and to reach false conclusions which wear a plausible aspect. But it is not so with things. If the cylinder is not tight, the steam engine is a lifeless mass of iron of no value whatever. A flaw in the wheel of the locomotive wrecks the train. Through a defective flue in the chimney the house is set on fire. A lie in the concrete is always hideous; like murder, it will out. Hence it is that the mind is liable to fall into grave errors until it is fortified by the wise counsel of the practical hand."
https://wisdomofhands.blogspot.com/2011/03/first-hand-second-hand-3rd-opinion.html   #780   		1886
Charles Ives0-three minds Against a background of slow, quiet strings representing "The Silence of the Druids", a solo trumpet poses "The Perennial Question of Existence", to which a woodwind quartet of "Fighting Answerers" tries vainly to provide an answer, growing more frustrated and dissonant until they give up.
Ives provided a short text by which to interpret the work, giving it a narrative as in program music.[6][3] Throughout the piece the strings sustain slow tonal triads that, according to Ives, represent "The Silence of the Druids — who Know, See and Hear Nothing". Against this background, the trumpet poses a nontonal phrase[7] — "The Perennial Question of Existence" — seven times,[8] to which the woodwinds "answer" the first six times in an increasingly erratic way. Ives wrote that the woodwinds' answers represented "Fighting Answerers" who, after a time, "realize a futility and begin to mock 'The Question'" before finally disappearing, leaving "The Question" to be asked once more before "The Silences" are left to their "Undisturbed Solitude".[7] The piece ends with the strings "hum[ming] softly in the distance, like the eternal music of the spheres.
Wikipedia: The Unanswered Question   #837   		1908
Charles Perraultthree mindssausageshanging from noseremoved from nose Charles Perrault of France, teller of classic fairy tales such as "Little Red Riding Hood" and "Cinderella", published "The Ridiculous Wishes", wherein...
 A woodcutter complained of his poor lot. Jupiter granted him three wishes. The woodcutter went home, and his wife persuaded him to put off the wishing until the next day, after he had thought, but while sitting by the fire, he wished for sausages. His wife taxed him for his folly, and angry, he wished for the sausages to hang from her nose. Finally, they agreed to use the last wish to take the sausages off her nose, leaving them no better off than before.
Wikipedia: The Ridiculous Wishes
Charles Perrault. Les_Souhaits_ridicules.
The Fairy Tales of Charles Perrault.   #783   		1697
Charles Sanders Peircethree mindsfirstnesssecondnessthirdness American thinker Charles Sanders Peirce, inspired by Kant, distinguished three universal categories.
  • Firstness is a monic relationship, as with a quality.
  • Secondness is a dyadic relationship of a relate and a correlate.
  • Thirdness is a triadic relationship of a sign, object and interpretant.
Wikipedia: Categories (Peirce)   #2   		1867
Charles Sanders Peirce0-foursome foursome
Ontological Classes: Peirce   #298  
Charles Sanders Peirce deduction, induction, abduction
Wikipedia: Abductive reasoning   #332  
Charles Sanders Peirce twosome
Doubt and Belief: Peirce   #205  
Charles Sanders Peirce0-three minds A sign depends on an object in a way that enables (and, in a sense, determines) an interpretation, an interpretant, to depend on the object as the sign depends on the object. The interpretant, then, is a further sign of the object, and thus enables and determines still further interpretations, further interpretant signs. The process, called semiosis, is irreducibly triadic, Peirce held, and is logically structured to perpetuate itself. It is what defines sign, object and interpretant in general.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sign_(semiotics)   #730  
Charles Sanders Peirce foursome
Charles Sanders Peirce. icon, index, symbol
symbol, index, icon   #248  
Chinese culture0-three minds monkey, heart, first mind
horse, will, second mind
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monkey_mind
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xin_(heart-mind)   #757   		540
Chris Argyris0-threesome Chris Argyris
Single-loop learning and double-loop learning.
mental model, decision-making rules, decision, real world, information feedback
Wikipedia: Chris Argyris: Work   #396  
Chris Fields Chris Fields
an action that asks a question, a thing/being to whom the question is addressed, a shared language to ask the question in
Chris Fields. Physics as Information Processing: Lecture 2.   #415  
Christianity nullsome
Book of Revelation (verses 1:8, 21:6, and 22:13)
 "I am the Alpha and the Omega, the Beginning and the End,” says the Lord, “who is and who was and who is to come.
Wikipedia: Alpha and Omega   #514  
Christianitythree mindscarnalsoulishspiritual Paul, in his first letter to the Corinthians, characterizes people based on how they receive his teaching.
  • Carnal people (sarkivós) attend to the flesh, thus suffer jealousy and strife.
  • Soulish people (psychikós) attend to the mind, are atuned to human wisdom, and find spiritual matters foolish and incomprehensible.
  • Spiritual people (pneumatikos) attend to the spirit, that which is of beyond the world, that which relates spiritual people with spiritual matters.
Wikipedia: Tripartite (theology)   #24   		53
Christianity Father, Son, Holy Spirit
Wikipedia: Trinity   #333  
Christianitythreesomeworddeedthought The confession, at the start of the Divine Service of the Lutheran church, includes the phrase
  We have sinned against you in thought, word, and deed, by what we have done and by what we have left undone.
Wikipedia: Confiteor   #99   		2010
Christopher Alexander0-onesomequality without a name Christopher Alexander
quality without a name
The Timeless Way of Building   #782  
Christopher Alexander0-nullsome wholeness preserving transformation   #639  
Christopher Peterson, Katherine Dahlsgaard0-values Christopher Peterson and Katherine Dahlsgaard identified six virtues endorsed across the thinking of many philosophers, religious leaders, statesmen, and other ancient and modern luminaries from around the world.
  • Wisdom and Knowledge: creativity, curiosity, open-mindedness, love of learning, perspective
  • Courage: bravery, persistence, integrity, zest
  • Humanity: love, kindness, social intelligence
  • Justice: teamwork, fairness, leadership
  • Temperance: forgiveness and mercy, humility, prudence, self control
  • Transcendence: appreciation of beauty and excellence, gratitude, hope, humor, spirituality
Wikiversity: Clarifying values   #938   		2004
CJ Fearnley CJ Fearnley
comprehensivity   #553  
CJ Fearnley CJ Fearnley
broadly, deeply   #554  
CJ Fearnley CJ Fearnley
ideas, material culture, social structures, experiences   #555  
Clare W. Graves0-needs Clare W. Graves, posthumous The Never Ending Quest
Autistic, Automatic, Reactive Existence - Express self - as if just another animal according to the dictates of one's imperative periodic physiological needs - reducing the tension of needs is right - A: Imperative, periodic, physiological needs - N: Attuned to processing relevant info, responds only to change in intensity of the imperative need and not to patterning - habituation
Animistic, Tribalistic Existence - Sacrifice self - to the traditions of one's elders, one's ancestors - elders, ancestors, and tradition know the right way to be - B: Safety, security, and assurance - O: Attuned to the non-imperative, aperiodic, physiological needs - Pavlovian
Egocentric Existence - Express self - and to hell with the consequences, lest one suffer the torment of unbearable shame - my way is the right way - C: Boredom, unchanging elder-dominated life - P: Sense consciousness, and consciousness of self, capacity to experience shame - operant or instrumental
Absolutistic, Saintly, Moralistic-Prescriptive Existence - Sacrifice self - now in order to receive reward later - only one right way to think, based on authority - D: Haves vs have-nots, increased consciousness of self and others, awareness of death - Q: Avoidant learning, guilt, defer gratification, control impulses, rationalize - avoidance conditioning
Multiplistic, Materialistic Existence - Express self - for what self desires, but in a fashion calculated not to bring down the wrath of others - many ways to think, but only one best way - E: Is this the only life I will ever live and, if so, why can't I have some pleasure in this existence? - R: Dispassionate, objective, hypothetico-deductive, not moralistic-prescriptive thinking - expectancy learning
Sociocentric, Personalitic, Sociocratic Existence - Sacrifice self - now in order to get acceptance now, in order for all to get now - many right ways to think, based on peer group acceptance - F: coming to peace with aloneness, with one's inner self and with others - S: truly experiencing the inner, subjective feelings of humankind - operational learning process
Systemic, Cognitive, Problematic Existence - Express self - for what self desires, but never at the expense of others and in a manner that all life, not just my life, will profit - my way does not have to be yours, nor yours mine, yet I have very strong convictions about what is my way, but never such about yours - A' (G): Threats to the survival of organismic life: depleting natural resources, overpopulation, excessive individuality - N' (T): N system plus some additional system of cells denoted as Y - teacher's job is to pose problems, help provide ways to see them, but to leave the person to their own conclusion as to what answers to accept
Intuitive, Experientialist Existence - Sacrifice self - by adjusting to the realities of one's existence and automatically accept the existential dichotomies as they are and go on living; sacrifice the idea that one will ever know what it is all about and adjust to this as the existential reality of existence - values what they feel they should, not just what knowledge tells them they should; non-interfering perception rather than active controlling perception - B' (H): Realization how much one will never know about existence, that a problem-solving existence is not enough - O' (U): O system plus some additional system of cells denoted as Y - [unspecified / unknown]
Wikipedia: Graves's emergent cyclical levels of existence   #700   		2005
Claude Bernard0-three minds Bernard held that “the constancy of the internal environment [i.e homeostasis] is the condition for free and independent life” (1974, p. 84, emphasis added). In other words, homeostatic reg ulation take care of the heteronomous layer of life in order to let the autonomous (“free and independent”) component rule.
Bernard C (1974) Lectures on the Phenomena of Life Common to Animals and Plants.
Stefano Franchi. General Homeostasis, Passive Life, and the Challenge to Autonomy.   #912  
Claude Shannon0-foursome Claude Shannon
source, encoding, decoding, destination
going beyond oneself: nothing, something, anything, everything Ben Udell. Source, encoding, decoding, destination   #430   		2012
Cognitive behavioral therapythreesomefeelingsbehaviorsthoughts Californian Cognitive behaviorial therapists Albert Bonfil and Suraji Wagage describe a basic model of emotional experience in terms of thoughts, feelings, and behaviors:
  • Thoughts refer to the ways that we make sense of situations. Thoughts can take a number of forms, including verbal forms such as words, sentences, and explicit ideas, as well as non-verbal forms such as mental images. Thoughts are the running commentary we hear in our minds throughout our lives.
  • The term feelings here doesn’t refer to emotion, but the physiological changes that occur as a result of emotion. For instance, when we feel the emotion of anger, we have the feeling of our face flushing. When we feel the emotion of anxiety, we have the feelings of our heart pounding and muscles tensing. Feelings are the hard-wired physical manifestation of emotion.
  • Behaviors are simply the things we do. Importantly, behaviors are also the things we don’t do. For instance, we might bow out of a speaking engagement if we feel overwhelming anxiety. On the other hand, if instead we feel confident, we might actually seek out those sorts of engagements.
Albert Bonfil, Suraji Wagage. A Course in CBT Techniques: A Free Online CBT Workbook. Part 3: Applying the CBT Model of Emotions   #1007 ❤️William Pahl   		2021
Cognitive psychologythree mindsperformanceintrospection Cognitive psychologists Wason and Evans introduced dual process theory in discussing an experiment on the four-card problem where subjects select cards to determine whether it is true that "If a card has a vowel on one side, then it has an even number on the other side". They distinguished performance (selecting cards) and introspection (justifying the selection). They argued that performance precedes and causes introspection, yielding rationalization.
Peter Cathcart Wason, Jonathan ST.B.T. Evans. Dual processes in reasoning?   #16   		1974
cognitive psychologythree mindsheuristicanalytic British cognitive psychologist Jonathan St B.T. Evans of Plymouth University distinguished
  • heuristic processes, which generated representations of problem content, as relevant, though possibly omitting relevant or including irrelevant information
  • analytic processes, which derived inferences or judgments based on those representations
Evans. Heuristic and analytic processes in reasoning. British Journal of Psychology. 75 (4): 451–468.
Wikipedia: Dual process theory   #17   		1984
cognitive psychologythree mindsheuristicanalyticdispositional British psychologist Jonathan ST.B.T. Evans, responding to the theory of hypothetical thinking by Evans, Over and Handley, extended his own model, distinguishing:
  • heuristic processes that construct the most plausible or relevant model and then apply that to make inferences and judgments
  • dispositional processes that (depending on the task at hand, available time, motivation, personal choice) intervene or not to switch from heuristic processes to analytic processes
  • analytic processes that explicitly reason and evaluate whether the model is satisfactory, though also subject to biases, such as minimizing the challenge to existing models
Jonathan ST.B.T. Evans. The heuristic-analytic theory of reasoning: Extension and evaluation   #18   		2006
Cognitive sciencethree mindsassociativerules based Cognitive scientist Steven Sloman of Brown University overviewed the history of the distinction of
  • associative reasoning with calculations based on similarity structure and temporal contiguity
  • rules based reasoning based with calculations based on rules that operate on symbolic structure with logical content and variables
He also notes the interest in hybrid systems.
Steven A. Sloman. The Empirical Case for Two Systems of Reasoning.   #14   		1996
Columbo0-foursomeopportunitymeansmotive Lt. Columbo: A letter addressed to the Department of Immigration and Nationalization that identifies you as a war criminal. Means, opportunity and motive. It's enough to convict for first degree murder.
https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Columbo   #1046   		1976
computer science Step One: Gather information about the error
Step Two: Isolate the error
Step Three: Identify the error
Step Four: Determine how to fix the error
Step Five: Apply and test
Agnes Nduta. What is Debugging? A Beginner's Guide for Coders.   #868  
computer sciencethree mindsstep outstep intostep over Borland Turbo Debugger supported single-stepping, also known as program animation, which offered options for running portions of the code being debugged. These options are relevant when subroutines are being called. These commands have come to be known as:
  • Step out. This allows all subsequent lines of a subroutine to be run, without further inspection, until control is returned to the routine that called it.
  • Step into. This runs the following line but, if it calls a subroutine, it will descend into it but pause for permission to proceed further, so the lines can be inspected one-by-one, as the interpreter sees them.
  • Step over. This runs the following line, allowing any subroutine it calls to proceed to completion, uninspected along the way, yet possibly evoking and revealing a violation.
What is step into, step out and step over in Firebug?
Stack Overflow. What is difference between trace into (F7) and step over (F8) in Turbo c++?
Wikipedia: Debugger   #873   		1989
conflictfoursomeprimordialconstructiveinstrumental Study of the ethnic conflicts arising at the end of the Cold War led to three theories about their causes.
  • Primordialism. Ethnic conflicts are the natural result of cultural differences that are real and identities that are fixed.
  • Constructivism. Ethnic conflicts are made possible by political systems and cultural scripts based on social interactions that can change and identities that are subjective.
  • Instrumentalism. Ethnic conflicts are caused by instigators who fabricate myths and manipulate identity to mobilize their ethnic group for the sake of their own personal economic and political interests and those of their group.
Laura Yeghiazaryan. Which of the three main ethnic conflict theories best explains the ethnic violence in the post-soviet states of Azerbaijan, Georgia, and Moldova?
Adeed Dawisha. Nation and Nationalism: Historical Antecedents to Contemporary Debates   #483   		2002
Confucianismthree mindsseehearspeak Hidari Jingoro carved three wise monkeys on a panel at the Tōshō-gū Shrine stable.
  • Mizaru (見ざる) covers his eyes, thus does not see
  • Kikazaru (聞かざる) covers his ears, thus does not hear
  • Iwazaru (言わざる) covers his mouth, thus does not speak
They are believed to represent Confucius's Code of Conduct.
Wikipedia: Three wise monkeys   #104   		1650
Confucius Confucius
seriousness, generosity, sincerity, diligence, kindness
  #336  
Confuciusfoursomemovelooklistenspeak Chinese paragon Confucius (c.551-c.479 BCE), in his Analects, says
 Look not at what is contrary to propriety;
 listen not to what is contrary to propriety;
 speak not what is contrary to propriety;
 make no movement which is contrary to propriety
 非禮勿視，非禮勿聽，非禮勿言，非禮勿動
Wikipedia: Three wise monkeys   #116   		-350
Confuciusthree mindsduty and sense of shamelaws and punishmentsvirtue and propriety Chinese sage Confucius (c.551-c.479 BCE) taught in his Analects that the best government rules by rites (lǐ 禮) and not incentive or coercion.
 If the people be led by laws, and uniformity sought to be given them by punishments, they will try to avoid the punishment, but have no sense of shame.
 If they be led by virtue, and uniformity sought to be given them by the rules of propriety, they will have the sense of the shame, and moreover will become good.
Wikipedia: Confucius   #117   		-350
Confuciusthree mindsknowingnot knowingadmitting whether you know or not Chinese thinker Confucius, in the Analects, teaches
 The Master said, "You, shall I teach you what knowledge is? When you know a thing, to hold that you know it; and when you do not know a thing, to allow that you do not know it - this is knowledge.
  子曰：「由！誨女知之乎？知之為知之，不知為不知，是知也。」
Confucius. Analects. Wei Zheng 17.
Wikiversity: Wisdom: Defining Wisdom   #765 ❤️LB   		-350
consultingthreesomecoachcompetecelebrate Atlas Network has three departments that execute their Coach, Compete, Celebrate!™ model by which they cultivate a global network of think tank leaders advancing a shared vision of a free, prosperous, and peaceful world where the principles of individual liberty, property rights, limited government, and free markets are secured by the rule of law.
  • The Coach Department trains leaders and provides consulting services.
  • The Compete Department awards grants on a competitive basis.
  • The Celebrate Department runs events that foster camaraderie and collaboration and provide visibility and validation.Steven Green. Coach, Compete, Celebrate!™
Atlas Network. Our Model: It’s time to change the way we view development.   #1024   		2022
convivialism  The only legitimate policies, but also the only acceptable ethics, are those based on the following five principles: common naturality, common humanity, common sociality, legitimate individuation, creative opposition. These five principles are subordinate to the absolute imperative of hubris control.
Convivialist International. Manifestos.
Convivialist International. The Second Convivialist Manifesto: Towards a Post-Neoliberal World   #932 ❤️Hans-Florian Hoyer   		2020
Covey foursome
Habit: Covey   #297  
Crime writing0-foursomeopportunitymeansmotive Means, motive, opportunity.
https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780195072396/page/284/mode/2up?view=theater
The Oxford Companion to Crime and Mystery Writing. John M. Reilly. Means, Motive and Opportunity.
Wikipedia: Closed circle of suspects   #1047   		1999
Daniel Friedman0-threesomecognitionactionperception perception, cognition, action
Daniel Friedman. William Blake & Buckminster Fuller (Lives in Juxtaposition)   #1092   		2023
Daniel Kahneman, Amos Tverskythree mindsSystem 1System 2 Experimental psychologists Daniel Kahneman and Amos Tversky distinguished two different ways the brain forms thoughts.
  • System 1 is fast, automatic, frequent, emotional, stereotypic, unconscious.
  • System 2 is slow, effortful, infrequent, logical, calculating, conscious.
Wikipedia: Thinking, Fast and Slow   #1   		2011
Daniel Kahneman, Jason Riisthree mindsexperiencing selfremembering self Experimental psychologists Daniel Kahneman and Jason Riis conducted experiments to distinguish
  • an experiencing self, which attests to the pleasure or pain felt at any moment
  • a remembering self, which subsequently reflects on the pleasure or pain felt
Daniel Kahneman, Jason Riis. Living, and thinking about it: two perspectives on life
Kahneman later summarized this: "I am my remembering self, and the experiencing self, who does my living, is like a stranger to me." Wikipedia: Thinking, Fast and Slow   #9   		2005
Daoismthree mindsgentlenesseconomyshrinking from taking precedence of others The Daoist "Three Treasures" 三寶 originally referred to this quote in the Daodejing:
 But I have three precious things which I prize and hold fast. The first is gentleness; the second is economy; and the third is not daring to be the first in the world (shrinking from taking precedence of others). With that gentleness I can be bold; with that economy I can be liberal; not daring to be the first in the world, I can become a vessel of the highest honour.
Wikipedia: Three Treasures (traditional Chinese medicine)
Daodejing Chapter 67   #166   		-325
Dave Gray Dave Gray
beliefs, conclusions, assumptions, needs, experiences
Dave Gray. Liminal thinking. The pyramid of belief.   #541  
Dave Snowden Dave Snowden
clear, complicated, complex, chaotic, confusion
Wikipedia: Cynefin framework   #637   		1999
David Ausubelthree mindsknowledge they already haveconcepts they will learn American educational psychologist David Ausubel encouraged teachers to start their lessons with "advanced organizers" that help students organize new incoming information.
  • comparative organizers activate existing schemas, reminding students of what they already know
  • expository organizers provide new knowledge that students need to understand the concepts they will learn
 The most important single factor influencing learning is what the learner already knows.
Wikipedia: David Asubel
David Ausubel. Educational Psychology: A Cognitive View.   #714   		1968
David Bohm0-twosome twosome
David Bohm
implicate order, explicate order
Wikipedia: Implicate and explicate order   #452  
David Hume resemblence, contiguity, cause and effect
Wikipedia: David Hume   #533  
David Hume0-twosome twosome
what is, what out to be
David Hume
Wikipedia: Is–ought problem   #534  
David Humethree mindsimpressionsideas Scottish skeptic, empiricist, naturalist David Hume, in "A Treatise of Human Nature: Being an Attempt to Introduce the Experimental Method of Reasoning into Moral Subjects", divides mental perceptions into
  • impressions - sensory, forceful, lively, vivacious
  • ideas - which are reflections on impressions, copies of impressions
Wikipedia: David Hume   #26   		1739
David Humethree mindsmatters of factrelations of ideas David Hume, in An Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding, distinguished
  • matters of fact - contingent, associative, synthetic, dependent on observer, discoverable by experience, known after the fact - a posteriori
  • relations of ideas - necessary, universal, analytic, true before verification - a priori
This pronounced distinction came to be known as Hume's fork.
Wikipedia: Hume's Fork   #27   		1748
David Hume twosome
Sources of Information: Hume   #219  
David McNeillthree mindsgesturespeech American psycholinguist David McNeill argues that speaking while thinking, as an activity, depends on psychological units, pulses - growth points - where gesture and speech are coordinated, providing grounds for unfolding speech and thought further. Gesture manifests the speaker's existence and is always supposed but can be emphasized more or less.
  • Gesture is top down, global (the meaning of the parts - hand shapes, space, direction, articulation - all depend on the whole), and synthetic (several meanings are bundled into a single gesture).
  • Speech is bottom up, combinatoric, analytic - the pieces have independent meaning.
Wikipedia: David McNeill
David McNeill. Hand and Mind: What Gestures Reveal About Thought.   #582   		1992
David R. Hawkins Consciousness researcher David R. Hawkins (1927-2012) Power vs. Force
From low to high, the levels of consciousness are: shame, guilt, apathy, grief, fear, desire, anger, pride, courage, neutrality, willingness, acceptance, reason, love, joy, peace, enlightenment.
Usually there’s a predominant “normal” state for us
Steve Pavlina. Levels of Consciousness.   #571   		1994
Deepak Choprathree mindsemotionalrationalawareness Indian American physician Deepak Chopra appealed to the triune brain in teaching the need to consciously, integratively, holistically balance our emotional and rational sides.
 The classic division of the brain divides it into three parts. The lower or reptilian brain goes back hundreds of millions of years to our animal ancestors. Next in evolutionary time appeared the emotional brain, and finally, the higher brain or neocortex.
 Studies have shown that decision-making is never completely rational and cannot be turned into a completely rational process. So the real question is whether you are aware of your emotional tendencies – lack of self-awareness has caused more bad decisions than any lapse of rational logic, because without emotion a decision is being made in a vacuum. The human element is mostly emotional and intuitive – it tells us how others feel, how we ourselves feel, where our level of discomfort lies, how well or badly we are communicating, and more.
 There is no reason to hold a prejudice against any aspect of consciousness, not when you are expanded enough in your awareness to see the bigger picture. art, beauty, truth, love, morality, philosophy, music, invention, curiosity, and creativity are not rational, and it's deeply unwise to dismiss them as irrational as if that must be a derogatory term. If you value insight, if you aspire to wisdom, if you want to make better choices and seek lifelong fulfillment, the starting point is awareness and the holistic brain that supports it.
Deepak Chopra. Why Do You Need Three Brains?   #960   		2014
Deepak Choprathree mindsconditionedentangledfree Indian-American meditator Deepak Chopra distinguishes three minds.
  • Conditioned mind is karma, samskara and vasana. ... Conditioning simply means the modification of consciousness into predictable patterns of thought, feeling, behavior, speech, habits. So this is a recycling of experience and the interpretation of experience.
  • The entangled mind is synchronicity, meaningful coincidence, and spontaneous fulfillment of desire. ... a mind that is expressed through non-local correlation or synchronicity. It is a deeper knowing in this submanifest order being also that that we are all entangled with each other ... Our collective desires, our collective fears, but also our collective archetypes, and, our collective aspirations, our collective longings, all of which influence the ecosystem of relationship.
  • The free mind is spontaneous creativity and liberation from all suffering. ... The free mind is the source of all experience, without any conditioning, even before the entanglement. And this source of experience, as I have said, is always a field of infinite possibilities, a field of unpredictability connected to the uncertainty principle, a field of pure creativity, a field of pure evolution, a field of pure self-regulation. That field, which is without cause, spaceless, timeless, incomprehensible, unimaginable, fundamental, infinite, borderless and fundamental.
 Now, the conditioned mind can be overcome through conscious choice-making. And so before you make any choice, ask yourself the consequences of the choice.
Deepak Chopra. What are the three minds?   #961   		2023
Demis Hassabisthree mindssearchmodelguide British artificial intelligence researcher Demis Hassabis, CEO of Google DeepMind, won a Noble Prize for Chemistry, along with John M.Jumper, for applying AI to protein structure prediction.
 So we take a step back and look at the essence of what our systems have been doing, both Alpha Go, Alpha Fold and some of the other systems that we have built. And really, we can describe them as finding the optimal solution in this enormous combinatorial search space. And we do that by learning a model of that environment, either from data or from simulation, and then using that model to guide a search process according to some kind of objective function that you are trying to optimize. And it turns out that this is a very general solution and that many problems can fit this approach.
Nobel Prize lecture: Demis Hassabis, Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2024   #1086   		2024
developmental biology developmental biology
endoderm, mesoderm, ectoderm
Wikipedia: Germ layer   #538  
Dogen0-three minds An ancient Buddha said, "Mountains are mountains, waters are waters." These words do not mean mountains are mountains; they mean mountains are mountains. Therefore investigate mountains thoroughly. When you investigate mountains thoroughly, this is the work of the mountains. Such mountains and waters of themselves become wise persons and sages.
Zen Master Dogen. Mountains and Waters Discourse.   #900  
Dōgenthree mindsmotherlyjoyfulvast Japanese Zen Buddhist monk Dōgen Zenji taught in Instructions for the Cook:
 When we train in any of the offices of the monastery we should do so with a joyful heart (kishin), a motherly heart (roshin), a vast heart (daishin).
  • A "joyful heart" rejoices and recognizes meaning. It is grateful for what is. Feeding and serving others is not simply a job but an unconditional vow, independent of success or failure, an opportunity, using this body which is the fruition of thousands of lifetimes and births to create limitless benefit for numberless beings.
  • A "motherly heart" [an old heart] is a heart which maintains the Three Jewels as a parent cares for a child. A parent raises a child with deep love, regardless of poverty or difficulties. Their hearts cannot be understood by another; only a parent can understand it. A parent protects their child from heat or cold before worrying about whether they themselves are hot or cold. This kind of care can only be understood by those who have given rise to it and realized only by those who practice it. This, brought to its fullest, is how you must care for water and rice, as though they were your own children.
  • "Vast heart" is like a great expanse of ocean or a towering mountain. It views everything from the most inclusive and broadest perspective. This vast heart does not regard a gram as too light or five kilos as too heavy. It does not follow the sounds of spring or try to nest in a spring garden; it does not darken with the colours of autumn. See the changes of the seasons as all one movement, understand light and heavy in relation to each other within a view which includes both. ... Thus they lived as a great shout of freedom through presenting the Great Matter, penetrating the Great Question, training great disciples and in this way bringing it all forth to us.
Eihei Dogen zenji. Tenzo kyokun: Instructions for the Tenzo
Lion's Roar. What Are the Three Minds?   #675   		1237
Dōgen The six flavors: Rokumi: bitter, sour, sweet, hot, mild, salty. Eihei Dogen zenji. Tenzo kyokun: Instructions for the Tenzo   #677  
Dōgen The three virtues: Santoku: light (kyonan), clean (joketsu), dignified (nyoho). Eihei Dogen zenji. Tenzo kyokun: Instructions for the Tenzo   #678  
Douglas Hofstadter A strange loop is a cyclic structure that goes through several levels in a hierarchical system. It arises when, by moving only upwards or downwards through the system, one finds oneself back where one started. Strange loops may involve self-reference and paradox. The concept of a strange loop was proposed and extensively discussed by Douglas Hofstadter in Gödel, Escher, Bach, and is further elaborated in Hofstadter's book I Am a Strange Loop, published in 2007. A tangled hierarchy is a hierarchical consciousness system in which a strange loop appears.
Wikipedia: Strange loop
Wikipedia: Gödel, Escher, Bach   #893   		1979
E. T. Jaynesthree mindsimaginationignorance American physicist E. T. Jaynes described two versions of the mind projection fallacy.
  • positive - thinking the way one sees the world (personal perceptions) are the way the world actually is (inherent properties)
  • negative - supposing one's own lack of knowledge (their ignorant state of mind) indicates the issue is not understandable (a fact about reality)
 The error occurs in two complementary forms, which we might indicate thus:
 (A) (My own imagination) → (Real property of Nature)
 (B) (My own ignorance) → (Nature is indeterminate)
Wikipedia: Mind projection fallacy
E. T. Jaynes. Probability Theory as Logic.   #814   		1990
E. T. Jaynesthree mindsbest probability distributionconstraintsmaximum entropy principle American physicist E. T. Jaynes expounded the principle of maximum entropy, which states that the probability distribution which best represents the state of knowledge of a system, among those which satisfy the testable information, is the one with the largest entropy. Testable information about a probability distribution is that for which truth or falsity is well defined. The resulting probability distribution admits the most ignorance beyond the testable information.
Wikipedia: Principle of maximum entropy   #817   		1957
Earl of Shaftesbury three mindsbeautyvirtuepiety The 3rd Earl of Shaftesbury, in his "Inquiry Concerning Virtue and Merit", argued that what is beautiful, being harmonious and proportionable, is thereby true. And what is both beautiful and true, is agreeable and good.
 There is a common and natural sense of what is sublime and beautiful in things.
 ...the admiration and love of order, harmony and proportion of whatever kind is naturally improving to the temperament and to social affection, and extremely helpful to virtue - which is itself nothing but the love of order and beauty in society.
 ...whatever the order of the world produces is mainly just and good. Therefore in the course of events in this world, whatever hardship may seem to force from any rational creature a hard censure of his private condition or lot, he can still through reflection come to have patience and to acquiesce in it.
 virtue is not complete unless it is accompanied by piety, because where piety is lacking there can’t be the same benignity, firmness, or constancy, the same good composure of affections, or uniformity of mind.
Anthony Ashley Cooper, Earl of Shaftesbury. An Inquiry Concerning Virtue or Merit.   #8   		1711
Eckhart Tollethree mindspain of pasttormentor of futurejoy of present moment German-born self-help author Eckhart Tolle taught in "The Power of Now: A Guide to Spiritual Enlightenment" that
  • only the present moment is real and matters, and the ever present "I am" is the source of joy
  • an individual's past and future are products of their minds, illusions created by their thoughts, which bring pain that can feed only on pain, converting the personal ego into a tormentor
Wikipedia: Eckhart Tolle   #641   		1997
ecologythreesomebedothink The Institute of Relational Being practices collective imagination. They organized a Think Do Be Nature Camp at the Gathering of Tribes.
 Our desire is to make this an inclusive and welcome space where we can come together with curiosity and a willingness to live in more relational ways along with our more-than-human and multispecies communities.   #78   		2024
economics The subjective theory of value (STV) is an economic theory for explaining how the value of goods and services are not only set but also how they can fluctuate over time. The contrasting system is typically known as the labor theory of value.
 According to the subjective theory of value, by assuming that all trades between individuals are voluntary, it can be concluded that both parties to the trade subjectively perceive the goods, labour or money they receive, as being of higher value to the goods, labour or money they give away. The theory holds that one can create value simply by trading with someone who values the items higher, without necessarily modifying them. Wealth is understood to refer to individuals' subjective valuation of their possessions, and voluntary trades may increase the total wealth in society.[5] This is because each participant of the voluntary transaction has gained more value than they originally had.
 The labor theory of value argues that the exchange value of a good or service is determined by the total amount of "socially necessary labor" required to produce it. value refers to the amount of socially necessary labor to produce a marketable commodity; According to Ricardo and Marx, this includes the labor components necessary to develop any real capital (i.e., physical assets used to produce other assets).[4][5] Including these indirect labour components, sometimes described as "dead labour,"[6] provides the "real price," or "natural price" of a commodity. However, Adam Smith's version of labor value does not implicate the role of past labor in the commodity itself or in the tools (capital) required to produce it.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subjective_theory_of_value
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labor_theory_of_value   #1057  
economicsthreesomehypothesisstatistical model and calculationeconomic sense The International Monetary Fund explains the methodology of econometrics as follows.
 The first step is to suggest a theory or hypothesis to explain the data being examined. The explanatory variables in the model are specified, and the sign and/or magnitude of the relationship between each explanatory variable and the dependent variable are clearly stated. At this stage of the analysis, applied econometricians rely heavily on economic theory to formulate the hypothesis
 The second step is the specification of a statistical model that captures the essence of the theory the economist is testing. The model proposes a specific mathematical relationship between the dependent variable and the explanatory variables—on which, unfortunately, economic theory is usually silent. By far the most common approach is to assume linearity—meaning that any change in an explanatory variable will always produce the same change in the dependent variable (that is, a straight-line relationship).
 The third step involves using an appropriate statistical procedure and an econometric software package to estimate the unknown parameters (coefficients) of the model using economic data. This is often the easiest part of the analysis thanks to readily available economic data and excellent econometric software. Still, the famous GIGO (garbage in, garbage out) principle of computing also applies to econometrics.
 The fourth step is by far the most important: administering the smell test. Does the estimated model make economic sense—that is, yield meaningful economic predictions?
&ęmsp;If the estimated parameters do not make sense, how should the econometrician change the statistical model to yield sensible estimates?
Sam Ouliaris. What Is Econometrics?   #1080 ❤️MP   		2011
economicsfoursomewhat and how many?how?for whom? Nobel Prize winning economist Paul Samuelson authored the "canonical" American economics textbook, first published in 1948 and most recently in 2019. He wrote in the first edition:
 Any society... must somehow meet three economic problems.
 1. What commodities shall be produced and in what quantities? That is, how much and which of many alternative goods and services shall be produced?
 2. How shall they be produced? That is, by whom and with what resources and in what technological manner are they to be produced?
 3. For whom are they to be produced? That is, who is to enjoy and get the benefit of the goods and services provided?
Paul Samuelson. Economics: An Introductory Analysis
Wikipedia: Economic problem   #355   		1948
economicswhen to producewhat to produce and what quantitieshow to producehow the output will be distributed foursome
Paul Samuelson. 1980 edition of Economics.
What kinds and quantities of goods shall be produced
How goods shall be produced
How the output will be distributed
When to produce
w   #356  
Edmund Husserltwosomereal contentideal content Austrian-German philosopher Edmund Husserl distinguished for an intentional act, an act of consciousness, such as judging, perceiving, loving, hating, accepting, rejecting:
  • noesis - real content, which gives it a particular sense or character, which is actually part of what takes place in the consciousness of the subject.
  • noema - ideal content, the ideal meaning of the act, which may be complex.
Wikipedia: Phenomenology (philosophy): Noesis and noema
Ideas: General Introduction to Pure Phenomenology   #587   		1913
Edmund Husserlonesomelifeworld Edmund Husserl, founder of phenomenology, introduced the concept of lifeworld as the consciousness of the universe, individually and collectively, that we share, the ground for all shared human experience, the dynamic background on which all things appear as themselves and meaningful, the horizon in which we live, and which lives with us, and within which all is possible only as being lived.
 In whatever way we may be conscious of the world as universal horizon, as coherent universe of existing objects, we, each "I-the-man" and all of us together, belong to the world as living with one another in the world; and the world is our world, valid for our consciousness as existing precisely through this 'living together.' We, as living in wakeful world-consciousness, are constantly active on the basis of our passive having of the world... Obviously this is true not only for me, the individual ego; rather we, in living together, have the world pre-given in this together, belong, the world as world for all, pre-given with this ontic meaning... The we-subjectivity... [is] constantly functioning.
Wikipedia: Lifeworld
Edmund Husserl. The crisis of European sciences and transcendental phenomenology; an introduction to phenomenological philosophy.   #844   		1936
Edmund Husserl Edmund Husserl
retention, immediate present, protention
Wikipedia: Retention and protention   #486  
Eduard von HartmannonesomeUnconscious German philosopher Eduard von Hartmann, author of Philosophy of the Unconscious, conceived the Unconscious as the absolute all-embracing ground of all existence, including both primal Will and latent Reason.
Wikipedia: Eduard von Hartmann   #606   		1869
Educationfoursomepsychomotorcognitiveaffective A committee of educators chaired by Benjamin Bloom developed Bloom's taxonomy as a framework for categorizing educational goals. Learning objectives are divided into three broad domains.
  • cognitive (knowledge-based) with six levels: Knowledge, Comprehension, Application, Analysis, Synthesis, Evaluation
  • affective (emotion-based) with five levels: Receiving, Responding, Valuing, Organizing, Characterizing
  • psychomotor (action-based), categorized in 1972 by Elizabeth Simpson with seven levels: Perception, Set, Guided response, Mechanism, Complex overt response, Adaptation, Origination
Wikipedia: Bloom's taxonomy   #623 ❤️MP   		1956
Edward de Bonothree mindslateral thinkingvertical thinking Maltese psychologist Edward de Bono introduced the terms
  • lateral thinking - fresh angles on problems, sideways, indirect, unexpected, creative, nonlinear, imaginative, even humorous, open-ended, divergent discovery of new ideas and patterns, applying breadth of knowledge to yield a variety of solutions for the same problem.
  • vertical thinking - critical thinking, consciously solving problems by assessing rationally, being selective, analytic and sequential, step-by-step, linear, relying on external facts to avoid failure, appealing to depth of knowledge in generating a single right or best answer.
Wikipedia: Lateral thinking
Wikipedia: Vertical thinking
Edward de Bono. The Use of Lateral Thinking.
  #711   		1967
Edward de Bonothree mindsadversarial thinkingparallel thinking Maltese creative thinking consultant Edward de Bono contrasted
  • adversarial thinking - proving or disproving statements put forward by two parties, as exemplified by Socrates, Plato and Aristotle
  • parallel thinking - exploring a subject by splitting focus in several parallel tracks, contributing knowledge, facts, feelings to support each track, working together on them as a group.
Wikipedia: Edward de Bono
Edward de Bono. Parallel thinking: from Socratic thinking to de Bono thinking.   #712   		1994
Edward Newmanthree mindssplitterlumpertruth English entomologist Edward Newman wrote in The Phytologist
  • The time has arrived for discarding imaginary species, and the duty of doing this is as imperative as the admission of new ones when such are really discovered. The talents described under the respective names of 'hair-splitting' and 'lumping' are unquestionably yielding their power to the mightier power of Truth.
Wikipedia: Lumpers and splitters
Glenn Branch. Whence Lumpers and Splitters?   #945 ❤️MP   		1845
electronics0-three mindssourcedraingate The FET's three terminals are:
source (S), through which the carriers enter the channel. Conventionally, current entering the channel at S is designated by IS.
drain (D), through which the carriers leave the channel. Conventionally, current leaving the channel at D is designated by ID. Drain-to-source voltage is VDS.
gate (G), the terminal that modulates the channel conductivity. By applying voltage to G, one can control ID.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Field-effect_transistor   #741   		1925
electronics0-three minds https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triode   #742   1906
Elliot Murphythree mindsstatistically-driven neural mechanisms for vertical syntaxlow-frequency phase code for horizontal semanticsplausible interplay Texan neuroscientist Elliot Murphy described a model relating connectionist and symbolic representations.
 Natural language syntax can serve as a major test for how to integrate two infamously distinct frameworks: symbolic representations and connectionist neural networks. Building on a recent neurocomputational architecture for syntax (ROSE), I discuss the prospects of reconciling the neural code for hierarchical ‘vertical’ syntax with linear and predictive ‘horizontal’ processes via a hybrid neurosymbolic model.
 It is my intention that the mathematical models provided here demonstrate a plausible interplay between a low-frequency phase code and statistically-driven neural mechanisms that can offer a framework where symbolic and connectionist representations can interface dynamically, leveraging the strengths of both paradigms.
Elliot Murphy. Shadow of the (Hierarchical) Tree: Reconciling Symbolic and Predictive Components of the Neural Code for Syntax.
  #976 ❤️🐜   		2024
Elon Musk0-three minds Galileo example
“In training AI, we need to make sure it’s as truthful as possible and it stays very curious.” Elon Musk
Daniel:
In training AI (M3 capacity building and training)
We need (ought) to make sure (Trust + verify)
it is as Truthful as possbile (M1 in terms of the Actualities)
and it stays very Curious (M2 in terms of uncertainties/questions).
Elon Musk. X.   #987 ❤️DAF   		2024
Emily Dickinsonthree mindsfreightgrooveproportion American poet Emily Dickinson mused
 That Love is all there is,
 Is all we know of Love;
 It is enough, the freight should be
 Proportioned to the groove.
Wikisource: That Love is all there is   #781   		1863
Emily Dickinsononesomelove Massachusetts poet Emily Dickinson contemplated
 That Love is all there is,
 Is all we know of Love;
 It is enough, the freight should be
 Proportioned to the groove.
Wikisource: That Love is all there is   #648   		1863
Empedocles0-conceptions increasing, decreasing slack
love, strife
Wikipedia: Empedocles   #343  
Engeström Engeström tracked back human activity to the animal form of activity. He said, “A central tenet embedded in this model is the immediately collective and populational character of animal activity and species development ... Engeström called this diagram the Activity System.
Oliver Ding. The Evolution of Activity   #653   		1987
Erasmus0-foursome Erasmus
John Kekes. Wisdom: Erasmus insisted, for instance, that much of what his learned contemporaries took to be foolishness was in fact wisdom and what they regarded as wisdom was, at best, the accumulation of information.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In_Praise_of_Folly   #766   		1511
Eric Bernethree mindschildparentadult Canadian American psychiatrist Eric Berne presented his theory of transactional analysis with the popular book "Games People Play", describing functional and dysfunctional interactions. He distinguished three ego states, coherent systems of feelings and behavior patterns, which a person switches between:
  • Parent - ego states which resemble those of parental figures. Parent functions in raising children and also makes trivial decisions automatic. Parent looks down on Child.
  • Adult - ego states which are autonomously directed towards objective appraisal of reality. Adult processes data and computes probabilities for complex navigation of the outside world, and also mediates objectively between Parent and Child.
  • Child - ego states which represent archaic relics, still-active ego states which were fixated in early childhood. Here resides intuition, creativity, spontaneous drive and enjoyment. Child looks up to Parent.
Wikipedia: Games People Play (book)
Eric Berne. Games People Play.   #140   		1964
Eric Bernethree mindschildparentadult Canadian American psychiatrist Eric Berne, founder of transactional analysis, transformed Freudian psychotherapy (id, superego, ego) by focusing on the transpersonal interactions (transactions) between people. He identified three ego-states - Parent, Adult, Child - and referred to patterns of transactions as "games".
  • Parent (exteropsyche) is a state in which people mimick their parental figures.
  • Adult (neopsyche) is a desirable state in which a person resemble an artificially intelligent system, processing information and making predictions how emotions can affect operations, objectively appraising reality.
  • Child (archaeopsyche) is a state which brings one back to childhood, the source of emotions, creation, recreation, spontaneity, intimacy.
Wikipedia: Transactional Analysis
Eric Berne. Ego States in Psychotherapy. American Journal of Psychotherapy. Volume 11, Number 2. 1957.   #141   		1957
Eric Schwarz Systems in general, but also human activity systems, are able to survive (in other words they become viable) when they develop:
(a) patterns of self-organisation that lead to self-organisation through morphogenesis and complexity;
(b) patterns for long term evolution towards autonomy;
(c) patterns that lead to the functioning of viable systems.
This theory was intended to embrace the dynamics of dissipative systems using three planes. Plane of energy.
Plane of information.
Plane of totality.
Each of the three planes (illustrated in Figure 1 below) is an independent ontological domain, interactively connected through networks of processes, and it shows the basic ontological structure of the viable system.
Wikipedia. Viable systems theory.   #919   		1988
Erich Fromm Erich Fromm
having, being
Wikipedia: To Have or to Be   #404  
Erich Fromm Erich Fromm
receptive, exploitative, hoarding, marketing, productive
Wikipedia: Character orientation   #405  
Erich Fromm Erich Fromm
transcendence, rootedness, sense of identity, frame of orientation, excitation and stimulation, unity, effectiveness
Wikipedia: Erich Fromm   #406  
Erich Fromm Erich Fromm
automaton conformity, authoritarianism, destructiveness
Wikipedia: Erich Fromm   #407  
Eugen Bleulerthree mindsemotionalintellectual Swiss psychiatrist Eugen Bleuler introduced the term schizophrenia, which means "splitting of the mind". He believed the disease's central characteristics resulted from a splitting between the emotional and the intellectual functions of the personality.
Wikipedia: Eugen Bleuler   #981   		1907
Eugene Wigner0-three minds In nuclear physics, random matrices were introduced by Eugene Wigner to model the nuclei of heavy atoms. Wigner postulated that the spacings between the lines in the spectrum of a heavy atom nucleus should resemble the spacings between the eigenvalues of a random matrix, and should depend only on the symmetry class of the underlying evolution. In solid-state physics, random matrices model the behaviour of large disordered Hamiltonians in the mean-field approximation.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Random_matrix
Eugene Wigner. Characteristic Vectors of Bordered Matrices With Infinite Dimensions.   #819   		1955
Euthydemusonesomeall statements are true Euthydemus, in Plato's dialogue by the same name, argues that all statements which are spoken are factual, for non factual statements do not exist and thus could not be the objects of speech. Thus falsehood cannot exist.
Wikipedia: Euthydemus (dialogue)   #138   		-384
evolutionthree mindsnovelroutine Octopuses and cuttlefish have bicameral brains, which they evolved independently of vertebrates. Scientists study their lateralization.
 It was originally argued that lateralization of function separated responses to social stimuli from those to non-social, but this division was not inclusive, as solitary animals also have lateral preferences. A second suggestion was the separation of control of different cognitive tasks, so that each could be more efficiently carried out by one brain half. Yet a third suggestion was that there was an evolutionary advantage to being able to use one eye and brain half for routine tasks and foraging, while the other was keeping track of novel stimuli, such as predators and perhaps conspecifics and social situations. Both octopuses and cuttlefish have been studied for such a division, the second with more success.
Jennifer Mather. The Case for Octopus Consciousness: Unity.
Caroline B Albertin et al. The octopus genome and the evolution of cephalopod neural and morphological novelties   #880   		-410000000
Fazang0-foursome Statue of Lion: Fazang (643–712)
In his famous Essay on the Golden Lion (Taishō no. 1881), Fazang provides a succinct explanation of a key principle of Huayan thought, that of the ultimate principle or pattern (li 理) and the relative phenomena / events / things (shi 事).[52][38] To do this, he uses the statue of a golden lion as a metaphor. According to van Norden: “The gold of the statue is a metaphor for the unified, underlying Pattern of relationships, while the appearance of the statue as a lion is a metaphor for our illusory perception of things as independent individuals. We must recognize that the only thing that ultimately exists is the Pattern of relationships among momentary events. (There is really only gold; there is no lion.) However, we must also acknowledge that it is useful and appropriate to continue to speak as if there were independent, persistent individuals. (The gold really does appear to be a lion.)”.[38] In Huayan Buddhism, li, the principle or pattern is the ultimate reality (paramārtha-satya) which is experienced by Buddhas. According to van Norden, this principle is a "boundless and ceaseless activity that has a patterned coherence to it". According to Fazang, Li is boundless and ceaseless, while the phenomena (shi) are impermanent, relative and limited.   #279  
Florence Nightingalethree mindscomfortsocial serviceself-reflection English feminist Florence Nightingale in 1850 at Thebes, Egypt, wrote in her diary, God called me in the morning and asked me would I do good for him alone without reputation. The next two years she struggled with her vision for her life, writing an 829 page, three-volume work, "Suggestions for Thought to Searchers after Religious Truth", rejecting helplessness and thoughtless comfort, choosing social service.
Wikipedia: Florence Nightingale   #753   		1852
Francis Baconfoursometribecavemarkettheatre Francis Bacon, the founder of empiricism, in his "Novum Organum", warned that objective reasoning must reject four idols of received doctrine:
  • idols of the tribe (Idola tribus) are rooted in human nature, our physical senses, the false regularities they presuppose.
  • idols of the cave (Idola specus) are prejudices specific to each individual soul, their inclinations and education.
  • idols of the market (Idola fori) are conventions that facilitate fellowship and commerce but introduce errors and confusion through badly defined words and fallacious ideas.
  • idols of the theatre (Idola theatri) are culturally received philosophical dogmas which are simply fictions.
Wikipedia: Novum Organum   #45   		1620
Francis Baconthree mindsinductionsyllogism English statesman and philosopher Francis Bacon, in "Novum Organum", attacked syllogism and promoted induction as the way to investigate and discover truth.
  • Syllogism is often applied to supposedly indubitable truths, yielding questionable conclusions, detached from reality.
  • Induction focuses on the senses and particulars and builds up conclusions, step-by-step, of ever greater certainty and generality.
Novum Organum   #46   		1620
Francis Baconfoursomematerialefficientform Francis Bacon, in his "Advancement of Learning", spoke interms of Plato's notion of ideal forms and Aristotle's four causes in asserting that natural science considers only material and efficient causes (matter and forces) but not forms. He thought of forms as ideal laws of nature.
Wikipedia: Four causes   #47   		1605
Francis Baconfoursomephysicsphysics: mechanicsmetaphysics In "Novum Organum", Francis Bacon distinguished
  • metaphysics, the investigation of eternal and immutable forms, fundamental laws
  • physics, the investigation of the efficient cause (mechanics) and of matter, and the latent process and latent configuration, what ordinarily occurs in nature
Wikipedia: Four causes   #48   		1620
Francis Bacon Francis Bacon
syllogism, induction
Wikipedia: Novum Organum   #344  
Francis Ford Coppolathree mindsfastgoodcheap American film director Francis Ford Coppola, before the release of his film "Tucker", was visited by journalist who noticed
 There’s a hand-drawn sign tacked up: a triangle with its points labeled “Good,” “Fast” and “Cheap” and a caption that says, “Pick Any Two.”
Such a sign had been noticed on Coppola's trailer as he filmed "Apocalypse Now".
Charles Champlin, Jack Smith. Bad Times Behind, Coppola Dances to a Different Tune   #456   		1979
Franz Brentanothree mindssensory consciousnessnoetic consciousness German philosopher, psychologist and former priest Franz Brentano revived the medieval notion of intentional object. In "Psychology from an Empirical Standpoint", he distinguished
  • sensory consciousness of sensory objects or intuitions, arising from physical phenomena, manifesting derived intentionality
  • noetic consciousness of concepts, psychological phenomena, containing within themselves original intentionality
 Every mental phenomenon is characterized by what the Scholastics of the Middle Ages called the intentional (or mental) inexistence of an object, and what we might call, though not wholly unambiguously, reference to a content, direction towards an object (which is not to be understood here as meaning a thing), or immanent objectivity. Every mental phenomenon includes something as object within itself, although they do not all do so in the same way. In presentation something is presented, in judgement something is affirmed or denied, in love loved, in hate hated, in desire desired and so on. This intentional in-existence is characteristic exclusively of mental phenomena. No physical phenomenon exhibits anything like it. We could, therefore, define mental phenomena by saying that they are those phenomena which contain an object intentionally within themselves.
Wikipedia: Franz Brentano   #585   		1873
Freeman Dyson0-three minds Symmetry and random solutions
The Threefold Way. Algebraic Structure of Symmetry Groups and Ensembles in Quantum Mechanics F. Dyson   #818   		1962
Friedrich Nietzsche0-foursomehowwhy Friedrich Nietzsche
He who has a why to live for can bear with almost any how.
Twilight of the Idols: Maxims and Arrows   #318   		1888
Friedrich Nietzsche Friedrich Nietzsche
confusing cause and consequence, false causality, imaginary causes, free will
  #345  
Friedrich Nietzsche0-threesome  Three metamorphoses of the spirit do I designate to you: how the spirit becometh a camel, the camel a lion, and the lion at last a child.
Friedrich Nietzsche. Thus Spake Zarathustra.   #1146   		1883
Friedrich Nietzsche German philosopher Friedrich Nietzsche in The Twilight of the Idols details Four Great Errors.
  • The error of confusing cause and consequence. Following moral principles does not yield happiness but rather happiness gives rise instinctively to moral behavior.
  • The error of a false causality. There are no spiritual causes for human behavior, there is no will nor spirit nor ego, there are no such factors that cause events but simply symptoms that accompany them.
  • The error of imaginary causes. Events give rise to purported causes that simply eliminate the discomfort of the unknown.
  • The error of free will. Free will is a fictional notion invented by theologians to fulfill the instinct to punish and judge guilty.
Wikipedia: The Four Great Errors   #650   		1889
Friedrich Nietzschethree mindsdisorderorder German classical scholar Friedrich Nietzsche, in The Birth of Tragedy, argued that classic Athenian tragedies fused two artistic impulses.
  • Apollonian (named after Apollo, the god of archery, music and dance, truth and prophecy, healing and diseases, Sun and light, poetry), expressed by dialogue - a dreaming state, full of illusions, valuing mind, order, harmony, progress, clarity, logic and affirming individuation.
  • Dionysian (named after Dionysus, the god of wine-making, orchards and fruit, vegetation, fertility, festivity, insanity, ritual madness, religious ecstasy, and theatre), expressed by the music of the chorus - a state of intoxication, knowledge that actions are powerless, the liberation of instinct and dissolution of boundaries, manifesting disorder, passion, chaos, emotion, ecstasy and unity, the destruction of individuation.
The protagonist of a tragedy struggles but fails to impose Apollonian order on his, unjust, chaotic, Dionysian fate. The audience thus senses the Primordial Unity, experiences the fullness and plentitude of frenzy.
Wikipedia: Friedrich Nietzsche   #651   		1872
Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph von Schellingnullsomethe Absolute German idealist Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph von Schelling contemplated how God, the Absolute, relates to its own ground, endlessly beginning, a devouring ferocity of purity.
 Now if the appearance of freedom is necessarily infinite, the total evolution of the Absolute is also an infinite process, and history itself a never wholly completed revelation of that Absolute which, for the sake of consciousness, and thus merely for the sake of appearance, separates itself into conscious and unconscious, the free and the intuitant; but which itself, however, in the inaccessible light wherein it dwells, is Eternal Identity and the everlasting ground of harmony between the two. (System of Transcendental Idealism)
Wikipedia: Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph Schelling   #607   		1800
Fromke twosome
Complementary Truths: Fromke   #222  
Fromke twosome
Our Divine Calling: Fromke   #227  
Frye foursome
Literary Meaning: Frye   #289  
Frye twosome
Irony and Romance: Frye   #217  
Frye twosome
Reading: Frye   #226  
G.Spencer-Brown distinction
G.Spencer-Brown
Wikipedia: Laws of Form   #518  
Gabrielė Aleksėthree mindswaterstone Lithuanian painter Gabrielė Aleksė, inspired by Iain McGilchrist's book "The Master and the Emissary", exhibited a series of paintings "Water and Stone" at the Antanas Mončys art gallery in Palanga, Lithuania.
  • Water symbolizes the right hemisphere. Water represents intuition, holistic understanding, the flow of life, the ability to see and feel the world through peace, a grasp of the moment, a feeling of eternity, religious experience, appreciating religious texts and myths, the world of childhood, full of miracles and spirituality.
  • Stone symbolizes the left hemisphere. Stone is the solid foundation for the unfolding of Western civilization, which she presents through architectural compositions, the construction of an unchanging, eternal, safe environment, a composition of units, which can be controlled and governed, a transformation of the environment, a sign of progress and expansion, accompanied with cold doubt and skepticism.
Visit Palanga. Gabrielės Aleksės tapybos paroda "Vanduo ir Akmuo"   #594   		2024
Galen0-three mindsappetitivespiritualrational Galen believed the human body had three interconnected systems that allowed it to work. The first system that he theorized consisted of the brain and the nerves, responsible for thought and sensation. The second theorized system was the heart and the arteries, which Galen believed to be responsible for providing life-giving energy. The last theorized system was the liver and veins, which Galen theorized were responsible for nutrition and growth. Galen also theorized that blood was made in the liver and sent out around the body.
One of Galen's major works, On the Doctrines of Hippocrates and Plato, sought to demonstrate the unity of the two subjects and their views. Using their theories, combined with Aristotle's, Galen developed a tripartite soul consisting of similar aspects. He used the same terms as Plato, referring to the three parts as rational, spiritual, and appetitive. Each corresponded to a localized area of the body. The rational soul was in the brain, the spiritual soul was in the heart, and the appetitive soul was in the liver. Galen was the first scientist and philosopher to assign specific parts of the soul to locations in the body because of his extensive background in medicine.
The rational soul controlled higher level cognitive functioning in an organism, for example, making choices or perceiving the world and sending those signals to the brain.[64] He also listed "imagination, memory, recollection, knowledge, thought, consideration, voluntary motion, and sensation" as being found within the rational soul.[64] The functions of "growing or being alive" resided in the spirited soul.[64] The spirited soul also contained our passions, such as anger. These passions were considered to be even stronger than regular emotions, and, as a consequence, more dangerous.[64] The third part of the soul, or the appetitive spirit, controlled the living forces in our body, most importantly blood. The appetitive spirit also regulated the pleasures of the body and was moved by feelings of enjoyment. This third part of the soul is the animalistic, or more natural, side of the soul; it deals with the natural urges of the body and survival instincts. Galen proposed that when the soul is moved by too much enjoyment, it reaches states of "incontinence" and "licentiousness", the inability to willfully cease enjoyment, which was a negative consequence of too much pleasure.
In order to unite his theories about the soul and how it operated within the body, he adapted the theory of the pneuma, which he used to explain how the soul operated within its assigned organs, and how those organs, in turn, interacted together. Galen then distinguished the vital pneuma, in the arterial system, from the psychic pneuma, in the brain and nervous system. Galen placed the vital pneuma in the heart and the psychic pneuma (spiritus animalis) within the brain.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galen   #719   		200
Gary Richmond Gary Richmond
process, order, representation, analysis, determination, aspiration
Wikipedia: Trikonic   #431   		2005
Gazzaniga foursome
Split brain patients - questions of "what" vs. "why", see Gazzaniga
Brain Science Podcast. Gazzaniga.   #310  
Geert Hofstede Geert Hofstede
masculinity, femininity
Wikipedia: Hofstede's cultural dimensions theory   #398  
Geert Hofstede Geert Hofstede
power distance, individualism vs. collectivism, uncertainty avoidance, motivation towards achievement and success, long-term orientation vs. short-term orientation, indulgence vs. restraint
Wikipedia: Hofstede's cultural dimensions theory   #440  
gender studies0-three minds Naomi Ellemers. Gender Stereotypes   #151   2018
Gene Rodenberrythree mindsMcCoySpockKirk American television producer Gene Roddenberry's science fiction series Star Trek featured three officers of the starship USS Enterprise.
  • Chief Medical Officer Dr. Leonard H. "Bones" McCoy champions human emotional feelings, compassionately, sardonically.
  • Science Officer Spock, half human, half alien, solves problems using logic coolly, imperturbably.
  • Captain James T. Kirk commands the ship and makes tough decisions relying on the advice of Spock and McCoy.
Wikipedia: Star Trek: The Original Series   #19   		1966
Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegelthree mindsfixed conceptengendered oppositerevealed unity German idealist Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel described his dialectical method in his Encyclopedia of the Philosophical Sciences as consisting of three moments. These are three sides of every concept and of everything true in general.
  • the moment of understanding, of fixity, is the first moment, in which concepts or forms have a seemingly stable definition or determination.
  • the dialectical moment, the negatively rational moment, of instability, is the second moment, in which the first moment cancels and preserves itself, in other words, sublates (aufheben) itself, in that its one-sidedness or restrictedness destabilizes its definition and leads it to pass into its opposite.
  • the speculative moment, the positively rational moment, grasps the unity of the opposition of the first two, or is the positive result of the dissolution or transition, which is left from the contradiction, more than simply nothing.
Stanford: Hegel's Dialectics   #363   		1817
Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel objective logic (thinking about thinking) and subjective logic (thinking about other things)   #365  
George Gurdjieff George Gurdjieff
waking sleep, higher state of consciousness
Wikipedia: George Gurdjieff   #463  
George Gurdjieff, Peter Ouspensky George Gurdjieff, Peter Ouspensky
Way of the Fakir (body), Way of the Monk (emotions), Way of the Yogi (mind), Fourth Way (harmony)
Wikipedia: P. D. Ouspensky   #461  
George Gurdjieff, Peter Ouspensky George Gurdjieff, Peter Ouspensky
self-remembering, self-observation, non-expression of negative emotions
Wikipedia: P. D. Ouspensky   #462  
Gérard Genette singular, iterative, repetitive, multiple
Wikipedia: Gérard Genette   #543  
Gilbert Ryle0-foursome In 1949 Ryle first introduced the notion of thick description in "The Thinking of Thoughts: What is 'Le Penseur' Doing?"[21][22] and "Thinking and Reflecting". According to Ryle, there are two types of descriptions:
  • thin description: surface-level observations of behaviour, e.g. 'His right hand rose to his forehead, palm out, when he was in the vicinity of and facing a certain other human.' thick description: adds context to such behaviour.
  • Explaining this context necessitates an understanding of the motivations people have for their behaviours, as well as how observers in the community understand such behaviour: 'He saluted the General.'
Wikipedia: Gilbert Ryle
"The Thinking of Thoughts: What is 'Le Penseur' Doing?"
"Thinking and Reflecting"
  #628   		1945
Gilbert Rylethree mindsmachineghost British philosopher Gilbert Ryle, in "The Concept of Mind", critiqued Cartesian rationalism, the notion that the mind is distinct from the body, referring to it as "the ghost in the machine". He argued that both idealist and materialst philosophers make the category mistake of analyzing "mind" and "body" as if they belonged to the same category, reducing physical reality and mental reality to the same status.
Wikipedia: Ghost in the machine
Gilbert Ryle. The Concept of Mind.   #629   		1949
Giulio Tononi Five essential properties of experience: intrinsic, specific, unitary, definite, structured.
Giulio Tononi: Consciousness as structure: a perspective from IIT 4.0 8:57   #1151   		2025
Givant0-three minds [[https://youtu.be/9cGgOmnqzvE?t=493 | Ivan Di Liberti. Givant, Morley, Zilber.]] * Givant 1970. There are precisely 4 finitary stable monads. ** The identity. ** The maybe monad. ** {$R[-]$} for {$R$} a division ring (a noncommutative field) ** {$Aff_R[-]$}, the free affine space over a division ring * Monad encodes a ring, indeed, a field. * (A field is a ring whose modules are free.)   #1030   1970
Gnosticsthree mindsbodysoulspirit Valentinian Gnostics, as criticized by Irenaeus in Against Heresies, thought there were three kinds of human beings.
  • Carnal humans, who may have faith but do not have special knowledge, who live by their material body, cannot be saved and will return to the grossness of matter, then be consumed by fire.
  • Psychic humans, who live by their soul, which resides in their body, are strengthened by works and faith, belong to the church, and together with the Demiurge (worldly Creator) as their master, will enter a middle state, neither heaven nor hell.
  • Spiritual humans will be liberated from the world and the Demiurge, and along with the Savior and his spouse Achamoth, will enter heaven without body or soul.
Wikipedia: Irenaeus
Wikipedia: Valentinianism   #764   		181
Gordon Adams Gordon Adams
Congress, Bureaucracy, Interest Group
Wikipedia: Iron Triangle (US politics)   #454  
Gordon Paskthree mindscontentagreementdoubt British cybernetician Gordon Pask defined consciousness as a conversation with others or oneself.
 It will be argued that fundamental information transfer between participants A and B is their consciousness (A's consciousness with B of whatever they discuss), the emerging synchronicity, or dependency, being a correlate of coherent process sharing, or agreement, between the participants. The degree of consciousness is their doubt, which is many-faceted (doubt about focus of attention, doubt about outcomes, doubt about methods), but it may be quantified by fairly sophisticated confidence estimation techniques. The content of consciousness is whatever processes are shared by the participants.
Gordon Pask. Consciousness.   #954   		1979
Gordon Pask0-three minds British cybernetician Gordon Pask defined consciousness as a conversation with others or oneself.
 It is desirable, for example, to have a sharp valued type of observation, peculiar to the psychological and social disciplines, which may be obtained by locating agreements over an understanding of topics (or a sharing of stable concepts) through a conversational command and question language, L. The sharp valued observations may surely be surrounded by fuzzy, probabilistic, or partially indeterminate observations; for example, the agreements reached between participants over personal constructs [...] obtained by exchange grid methods [...] which are agreements over descriptions.
Gordon Pask. Consciousness.   #955   		1979
Gordon Paskthree mindsstable organizationally closed unitsshared informationally open processeslocal synchronicity and conditional dependence British cybernetician Gordon Pask overviewed nonclassical versions of cybernetics and general systems theory in presenting his theory of what it means for A and B to agree in understanding.
 1.1 Organizational Closure as a Stability
 All of these (mostly independent) formulations replace the classical canons of deterministic or probabilistic stability by organizational closure of a process that is productive and, incidentally, also reproduces the medium, or processor, in which it is executed; most critically, by establishing, or maintaining the distinctions (in biology, the bounding surfaces) required for its coherent execution.
 1.2 Informationally Open, Organizationally Closed, Processes
 Another distinctive feature of the nonclassical formulations is that they are generally reflective and relativistic in character, because organizationally closed systems are often informationally open. This point is especially germane to conversation theory, where stable (as a result of organizational closure) units are participants in a conversation that involves information transfer (for example, between A and B) implicating process sharing.
 1.3 Fundamental Information
 The word information is used in its most fundamental sense ... to mean either "emergence of local synchronicity between otherwise asynchronous systems," or (equisignificantly) "emergence of dependency between otherwise independent systems." Conversely, essential synchronicities in the ongoing process make it necessary to predicate, or to compute, distinctions that render parts of the medium independent; these distinctions being needed if the process is to take place.
Gordon Pask. Consciousness.   #956   		1979
Greek mythology Zeus, Poseidon, Hades
Wikipedia: Hades   #539  
Greek mythologythree mindslustpowerlabyrinth The Bibliotheca of Pseudo-Apollodorus, a compendium of Greek myths and heroic legends, assembled roughly 100 CE, tells of the Minotaur and the Labyrinth.
 Pasiphaë gave birth to Asterius, who was called the Minotaur. He had the face of a bull, but the rest of him was human; and Minos, in compliance with certain oracles, shut him up and guarded him in the Labyrinth.
The Minotaur and the Labyrinth appear on Cretan coins and pottery from 400 BCE.
Wikipedia: Labyrinth
Wikipedia: Minotaur
Erwin Reißmann. The Labyrinth on the Silver Coins of Knossos, Part 1.
A Mythical Monday: The Minotaur's Origin.   #958   		-400
Gregory Bateson Gregory Bateson
thought, perception, action
Ben Goertzel. One the Algebraic Structure of Consciousness   #402  
Grice foursome
Conversational Categories: Grice   #292  
Gustave Le Bonthree mindsrevert to instinctssacrifice personal interestsfollow excitable leaders French polymath Gustave Le Bon, author of The Crowd: A Study of the Popular Mind, detailed three processes that create the psychological crowd, where individuals give way to a group mind, a collective unconsciouness.
  • Anonymity lets individuals revert to their instincts, shun personal responsibility, be primitive, unreasoning, emotional, feel invincible.
  • Contagion is the spread of behaviors through the crowd, where individuals sacrifice their personal interest for the collective interest.
  • Suggestibility is the increasing homogeneity and malleability of the crowd to suggestions by excitable, half-deranged leaders.
Wikipedia: Gustave Le Bon   #148   		1895
Hannah Arendtthree mindslaborworkaction German Jewish American political theorist Hannah Arendt, in The Human Condition, differentiated
  • labor is directed at maintaining and reproducing human life, whose fruits are quickly consumed, satisfying neverending needs, was in ancient times performed in private households by women and slaves
  • work has a clearly defined beginning and end, results in a durable object, such as a tool, which is crafted, created and not consumed, yet leads to instrumental thinking and involves violence against nature, obtaining and shaping raw materials
  • action, including speech as action, is how individuals show that they are unique and unexchangeable, doing great deeds, they manifest their freedom in the public sphere, and can come together as free people
Wikipedia: The Human Condition (Arendt book)   #335   		1958
Hannah Arendt vida activa (The Human Condition - labor, work, action), vida contemplativa (The Life of the Mind - thinking, willing, judging)   #351  
Hannah Arendtthreesomejudgingwillingthinking Hannah Arendt, after analyzing the active life (vita activa) in The Human Condition, turned to the contemplative life (vita contemplativa) in The Life of the Mind. She intended to write three volumes, on Thinking, Willing and Judging, but she completed only the first two before her death from a heart attack. she distinguishes the thinking ego, willing ego and judging ego.
  • thinking is the product of Reason, leading beyond knowledge, the inner dialogue, the habit of examining whatever happens or whatever attracts attention, regardless of import, thus dissolving established rules of conduct and habits of thought, and opening up conscience. It takes place in the medium of words and is constrained by non-self-contradiction. It focuses on what is not given by the senses as being more real, truthful, meaningful, aims at contemplation and ends in it.
  • willing is the product of Freedom, the spring of action, the power of spontaneously beginning a series of successive things or states, bringing about something new, changing the world.
  • judging is the product of Intellect, formulating the truth, considering particulars without appealing to pre-established universals, allowing one to judge for oneself, yet mindful of all others, sensitive to conscience, rooted in common sense, noncoercive, persuasive, communicable, appraising past actions and establishing future objectives.
Hannah Arendt. The Life of the Mind. Volume One. Thinking.
Hannah Arendt. The Life of the Mind. Volume Two. Willing.
Stanford: Hannah Arendt   #352   		1978
Hans Jonasthree mindsnecessityfreedom German Jewish American philosopher Hans Jonas recognized in all forms of life the qualities that Plato and Aristotle reserved for humans.
 The great contradiction that man discovers in itself - freedom and necessity, autonomy and dependence, ego and world, connectedness and isolation, creativity and mortality - are present in nuce in life most primitive forms, each of which maintains a precarious balance between being and nonbeing and from the very beginning harbors within itself an inner horizon of “transcendence.” [...] we maintain that metabolism, the basic substratum of all organic existence, already display freedom - indeed that it is the first form freedom takes.
Hans Jonas. The Phenomenon of Life: Towards a Philosophical Biology.
Stefano Franchi. General Homeostasis, Passive Life, and the Challenge to Autonomy.   #909   		1966
Harman foursome
Logical Progression: Harman   #301  
Harry Collins0-foursome Tacit knowledge can be divided according to the terrain. Terrains affect the process of changing tacit knowledge into explicit knowledge. Terrains are of three kinds:
  • Know how to make explicit, how to explicate. Relational tacit knowledge: Relational tacit knowledge could be made explicit, but not made explicit for reasons that touch on deep principles that have to do with either the nature or location of knowledge of the way humans are made. This knowledge refers to things we could describe in principle if someone put effort into describing them.
  • Do not know how to make explicit but do know how to explicate. Somatic tacit knowledge: Somatic tacit knowledge has to do with properties of individuals bodies and brains as physical things. It includes things our bodies can do but we cannot describe how, like riding a bike. In principle it is possible for it to be explicated as the outcome of research done by human scientists.
  • Do not know how to make explicit, do not know how to explicate. Collective tacit knowledge: Collective tacit knowledge is a kind of knowledge that we do not know how to make explicit and that we cannot envisage how to explicate. It is the domain of knowledge that is located in society, such as the rules for language - it has to do with the way society is constituted.
Wikipedia: Tacit knowledge
Harry Collins. Tacit and explicit knowledge   #631   		2013
Hartmut Stöckl Hartmut Stöckl described the Organon model as a semiotic model, comparing it to Aristotle's triad of pathos, logos, and ethos. He wrote:  [Bühler’s] model acknowledges “the essential rhetorical fact that any sign use must in effect express the ethos of the rhetor, represent their rational take on the world (logos) and appeal to the emotional mindset of an envisaged audience (pathos).”
Wikipedia: Organon model
Hartmut Stöckl. Bold and impactful: a reappraisal of Gunther Kress's (social) semiotic legacy in the light of current multimodality research
Pflaeging, Jana; Stöckl, Hartmut. "Tracing The Shapes of Multimodal Rhetoric: Showing the Epistemic Powers of Visualization August 2021.   #492   		2023
Hegel foursome
Reason and Understanding: Hegel   #302  
Heinz Hopfthree mindscirclespherehypersphere German mathematician Heinz Hopf discovered the Hopf fibration S1↪S3↪S2 decomposing a hypersphere in four-dimensional space as a set of disjoint great circles such that each circle corresponds to a point on an ordinary sphere. Locally, S3 looks like the product of S2 and S1, however, globally it is not, which is to say, the Hopf fibration is a nontrivial fiber bundle.
Wikipedia: Hopf fibration
Hopf Fibration Explained Better than Eric Weinstein on Joe Rogan
Slicing bagels to learn gauge theory (Hopf fibration)
Niles Johnson. Hopf fibration -- fibers and base. (Animation)   #1105   		1931
Hellenistic philosophy air, fire, water, earth
Wikipedia: Classical element: Hellenistic philosophy   #342  
Henri Bergson French philosopher Henri Bergson duality (influenced Cutting)   #596  
Henry Potter, Kevin Mitchell Henry Potter, Kevin Mitchell
thermodynamic autonomy, persistence, endogenous activity, holistic integration, low‐level indeterminacy, multiple realisability, historicity, agent‐level normativity
Henry Potter, Kevin Mitchell. Naturalising Agent Causation   #472   		2022
Heraclitus twosome
unity of opposites, flux
Wikipedia: Heraclitus   #526  
Heraclitusonesomefire - energy - change - theory Greek philosopher Heraclitus of Ephesus believed that fire (heat or energy) was the arche, the original principle, which constituted the cosmos by manifesting in different degrees, being kindled or being quenched. He thought logos (theory) gave structure to the world. He viewed the world as always becoming, ever in flux, never simply being.
Wikipedia: Heraclitus   #76   		-500
Heraclitusthree mindspleasureself-controlwisdom Greek philosopher Heraclitus of Ephesus, in the Persian empire, believed that fire was the noble part of the soul and water the ignoble part.
 It is pleasure to souls to become moist.
 A man, when he gets drunk, is led by a beardless lad, tripping, knowing not where he steps, having his soul moist.
 For what thought or wisdom have they? They follow the poets and take the crowd as their teacher, knowing not that there are many bad and few good.
 It is hard to fight with one's heart's desire. Whatever it wishes to get, it purchases at the cost of soul.
 The dry soul is the wisest and best.
 So we must follow the common, yet though my Word is common, the many live as if they had a wisdom of their own.
 It pertains to all men to know themselves and to learn self-control.
 Self-control is the highest virtue, and wisdom is to speak truth and consciously to act according to nature
 The wisest man is an ape compared to God, just as the most beautiful ape is ugly compared to man.
 The way of man has no wisdom, but that of God has.
 To God all things are fair and good and right, but men hold some things wrong and some right.
 It is not good for men to get all they wish to get. It is sickness that makes health pleasant; evil, good; hunger, plenty; weariness, rest.
 It is wise to hearken, not to me, but to my Word, and to confess that all things are one.
 Wisdom is one thing. It is to know the thought by which all things are steered through all things.
Fragments of Heraclitus
Wikipedia: Heraclitus   #944   		-500
Herbert Muschampthree mindsvisualverbalhumor American architecture critic Herbert Muschamp reviewed for the New York Times the show, "Mixing Messages: Graphic Design in Contemporary Culture".
 But in 1966, McLuhan did collaborate with a noted graphic designer, Quentin Fiore, on The Medium Is the Massage a mass-market paperback intended to popularize McLuhan's ideas. And that book, unrepresented in this show, is nonetheless the seed from which its underlying idea has sprouted: that consciousness can be affected by the knowing collision of verbal and visual information. [...]
 Here, we see graphic designers deeply engaged in dual, even hypocritical roles. They are at once decorators, compelled to misrepresent, gloss over or lend a dubious sheen of authority to the identities of their clients. At the same time, many of them are artists, creatures of conscience, who wish to punch through the veneer of the status quo that they themselves have helped to create. [...]
 The solution to this ethical quandary, for many designers, has been to treat graphic design as a medium of humor. From Beaumarchais to Joe Orton, there's ample historical precedent for regarding humor, even the darkest, as an instrument of social change, as a technique for invading the mainstream with radical ideas.
Herbert Muschamp. A Reopening And a Carnival Of Graphics.
Ellen Lupton. Mixing messages : graphic design in contemporary culture.   #941   		1996
Hermann Heinrich Gossen Hermann Heinrich Gossen
Gossen evidently held the highest possible opinion of the importance of his own theory, for he commences by claiming honours in economic science equal to those of Copernicus in astronomy. He then at once insists that mathematical treatment, being the only sound one, must be applied throughout ; but, out of consideration for the reader, the higher analysis will be explicitly introduced only when it is requisite to determine maxima and minima. The treatise then opens with the consideration of Economics as the theory of pleasure and pain, that is as the theory of the procedure by which the individual and the aggregate of individuals constituting society, may realise the maximum of pleasure with the minimum of painful effort. The natural law of pleasure is then clearly stated, somewhat as follows:—Increase of the same hind of consumption yields pleasure continuously diminishing up to the point of satiety. This law he illustrates geometrically, and then proceeds to investigate the conditions under which the total pleasure from one or more objects may be raised to a maximum.
https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.84904/page/n39/mode/1up?q=Gossen   #1085 ❤️Hans-Florian Hoyer  
Hermann Lotze things, properties, relations
Stanford: Hermann Lotze   #350  
Hermann von Helmholtzthree mindsstimulisensations German physicist and physician Hermann von Helmholtz, inspired by Hermann Lotze, developed a notion of unconscious inference. Objects and sensations are linked by sense nerves. Sensations are not copies of stimuli but are rather signs which symbolize those stimuli. Furthermore, the mind makes its own mental adjustments, unconscious inferences, to construct a coherent picture of experience, practicing and learning skills, such as depth perception, or the identification of various objects.
Wikipedia: Unconscious inference
Stanford: Hermann von Helmholtz   #32   		1868
Hesiodonesomechaos Hesiod's Theogony, on the origin of the ancient Greek gods, asserts that chaos was the first thing to be. Chaos is the dark, infinite void that precedes Gaia (earth), Tartarus (the hellish underworld) and Eros (love). Chaos gives birth to Erebus (darkness, gloom) and Nyx (night), which are the father and mother of Aether (bright sky) and Hemera (day).   #68   -715
HesiodtwosomeGaiathe deathless gods of Olympus Hesiod's Theogony sings of
 the wide-bosomed Gaia (Earth), the ever-sure foundations of all the deathless ones who hold the peaks of snowy Olympus   #69   		-715
Hesiodnullsomethe Muses Hesiod, while shepherding, was taught by the Muses.
 ...we know how to speak many false things as though they were true; but we know, when we will, to utter true things...
 ...[they] breathed into me a divine voice to celebrate things that shall be and things there were aforetime; and they bade me sing of the race of the blessed gods that are eternally, but ever to sing of themselves both first and last.
 And they, uttering through their lips a lovely voice, sing the laws of all and the goodly ways of the immortals
Hesiod. Theogony.   #70   		-715
Hinduism desire, will, deed, destiny
Brihadaranyaka Upanishad
Wikipedia: Karma   #528  
Hinduism Advaita
Wikipedia: Ātman (Hinduism)   #529  
Hinduism difference between God and individual souls, between God and matter, between individual souls, between individual souls and matter, between types of matter
Wikipedia: Dvaita Vedanta   #531  
Hinduism onesome
Wikipedia: Paramatman   #578  
Hinduismcreatorpreserverdestroyer threesome
creator (Mahasaraswati), preserver (Mahalakshmi), destroyer (Mahakali)
Wikipedia: Tridevi   #338  
HinduismthreesomeBrahma (creator)Vishnu (preserver)Shiva (destroyer) In synthetic Hinduism, the Trimurti is the trinity of supreme divinity:
  • Brahma is the creator
  • Vishnu is the preserver
  • Shiva is the destroyer
The corresponding phonemes A, U, M together constitute the symbolic word Aum, representing Brahman, the ultimate reality. The three are attested in the verse from the Vishnu Purana (1.2.66)
  In this way, the one supreme entity divides itself into three forms — Brahma, Vishnu, and Mahesh [Shiva] — taking on different aspects. It creates, preserves, and destroys the universe in various ages. Wikipedia: Trimurti   #102   		650
HinduismnullsomeBrahman (thrust) In Hinduism, Brahman (thrust) is an impersonal (gender neutral) principle, the unchanging reality amidst and beyond the world, the cause of all changes, the nonphysical, infinite, eternal, pervasive truth, consciousness and bliss, the unity behind all diversity. Brahman is present in the oldest Vedas, the Vedic Samhitas, as in this verse from Taittiriya Samhita VII.3.1.4, translated by Barbara Holdrege:
 The Ṛcs are limited (parimita),
 The Samans are limited,
 And the Yajuses are limited,
 But of the Word Brahman, there is no end.
Wikipedia: Brahman   #103   		-1300
Hinduism Hinduism
sattva, rajas, tamas
sattva (goodness, calmness, harmonious)
rajas (passion, activity, movement)
tamas (ignorance, inertia, laziness)
Wikipedia: Guṇa   #370  
Hinduism twosome
Salvation: Hinduism   #212  
Hinduism twosome
God: Hinduism   #220  
Hinduism0-foursomerighteousnesspleasureprosperityliberation Purushartha (Sanskrit: पुरुषार्थ, IAST: Puruṣārtha) literally means "object(ive) of men". It is a key concept in Hinduism, and refers to the four proper goals or aims of a human life. The four puruṣārthas are
  • Dharma (righteousness, moral values)
  • Artha (prosperity, economic values)
  • Kama (pleasure, love, psychological values)
  • Moksha (liberation, spiritual values, self-realization)
The Dharmaśāstras and the epics Ramayana and Mahabharata are the first known sources that comprehensively present the notion that integrated living entails the pursuit of four goals or ends.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puru%E1%B9%A3%C4%81rtha   #760   		-400
Hinduism0-threesome Three paths of salvation in the Gita
Jnana - thoughts and introspection
Karma - actions and duties
Bhakti - devotion
  #251  
Horace Greeleythree mindsslaves of appetite and slothsubduers and cultivators of the earthGod who decrees, grants, eradicates Influential American newspaper editor and politician Horace Greeley supported pacifism, feminism and free laborers, but authored this screed against Native Americans:
 To the prosaic observer, the average Indian of the woods and prairies is a being who does little credit to human nature — a slave of appetite and sloth, never emancipated from the tyranny of one animal passion, save by the more ravenous demands of another.
 As I passed over those magnificent bottoms of the Kansas, which form the reservations of the Delawares, Potawatamies, etc., constituting the very best corn-lands on Earth, and saw their owners sitting around the doors of their lodges at the height of the planting season, and in as good, bright planting weather as sun and soil ever made, I could not help saying: "These people must die out — there is no help for them. God has given this earth to those who will subdue and cultivate it, and it is vain to struggle against His righteous decree."
Wikipedia: Myth of the Noble Savage
Horace Greeley. An Overland Journey from New York to San Francisco in the Summer of 1859. XIV. “LO! THE POOR INDIAN!”   #147   		1860
Howard Gardner0-doubts Howard Gardner
Musical, Visual-spatial, Linguistic, Logical-mathematical, Bodily-kinesthetic, Interpersonal
Eight added in 1995: Naturalistic
Wikipedia: Theory of multiple intelligences Frames of Mind: The Theory of Multiple Intelligences   #1099   		1983
Howard Gardner0-three minds Howard Gardner  Truth is the property of statements. relationships, statements, experiences
Howard Gardner. Truth, Beauty, And Goodness Reframed   #496   		2012
huntingthreesomeplandostop - think - observe Hunters are taught the acronym S.T.O.P. for dealing with an emergency so that they don't make a bad situation worse.
 S: Stop and sit down. Keep a positive mental attitude.
&ęmsp;T: Think about your surroundings. Could you find your way out, or are you going to spend the night?
 O: Observe what is around you. Can you hear vehicles? Can you hear farm animals or farm machinery? Can you see radio towers or logging roads? Use your senses to find out where you are, and always refer to your hunting maps.
 P: Plan what you do. The time of day and the weather will influence how the plan will be set in motion and what you will do first.
hunter-ed. S.T.O.P.: stop, think, observe, plan   #1011   		2023
Iain McGilchrist Iain McGilchrist
science, reason, intuition, imagination
Wikipedia: The Matter with Things   #537  
Iain McGilchristthree mindswhole-orienteddetail-oriented British psychiatrist Iain McGilchrist, "The Master and His Emissary: The Divided Brain and the Making of the Western World", influenced by psychiatrist John Cutting and psychologist David McNeill, distinguished how the brain hemispheres pay attention.
  • The Master (right hemisphere) is whole-oriented, closely related to physical bodies, one's own and others', and external reality given by the senses, thus the mediator of all experience, the source of thought, and also it reintegrates and understands meaning processed by the left hemisphere, thus is the first stop and last stop.
  • The Emissary (left hemisphere) is detail-oriented, processes speech, and has detrimentally become increasingly dominant in Western culture.
Wikipedia: The Master and His Emissary
Iain McGilchrist. The Master and his Emissary: The Divided Brain and the Making of the Western World   #328   		2009
Iain McGilchristfoursomeneuropsychologymetaphysicsepistemology Author Iain McGilchrist introduces his book "The Matter With Things":
  This book is what would conventionally be called a single argument. That is why I have chosen not to publish it as three separate books: one on neuropsychology - how our brains shape reality; one on epistemology - how we can come to know anything at all; and one on metaphysics - the nature of what we find in the cosmos.
Iain McGilchrist.The Matter With Things: Our Brains, Our Delusions and the Unmaking of the World.   #625   		2021
Ikujiro Nonaka, Hirotaka Takeuchi 0-foursome  Socialization (Tacit to Tacit) – Socialization is a process of sharing knowledge, including observation, imitation, and practice through apprenticeship. Apprentices work with their teachers or mentors to gain knowledge by imitation, observation, and practice. In effect, socialization is about capturing knowledge by physical proximity, wherein direct interaction is a supported method to acquire knowledge.
 Socialization comes from sharing the experience with others. It also can come from direct interactions with customers and from inside your own organization, just by interacting with another section or working group. For example, brainstorming with colleagues. The tacit knowledge is transferred by common activity in the organizations, such as being together and living in the same environment.
 Externalization (Tacit to Explicit) – Externalization is the process of making tacit knowledge explicit, wherein knowledge is crystallized and is thus able to be shared by others, becoming the basis of new knowledge. At this point, personal tacit knowledge becomes useful to others as well, because it is expressed in a form that can be interpreted and understood. Concepts, images, and written documents, for example, can support this kind of interaction.
 Combination (Explicit to Explicit) – Combination involves organizing and integrating knowledge, whereby different types of explicit knowledge are merged (for example, in building prototypes). The creative use of computerized communication networks and large-scale databases can support this mode of knowledge conversion: explicit knowledge is collected from inside or outside the organization and then combined, edited, or processed to form new knowledge. The new explicit knowledge is then disseminated among the members of the organization.
 Internalization (Explicit to Tacit) – Internalization involves the receiving and application of knowledge by an individual, enclosed by learning-by-doing. On the other hand, explicit knowledge becomes part of an individual's knowledge and will be assets for an organization. Internalization is also a process of continuous individual and collective reflection, as well as the ability to see connections and recognize patterns, and the capacity to make sense between fields, ideas, and concepts.
Wikipedia: SECI model of knowledge dimensions
Nonaka, Ikujiro; Takeuchi, Hirotaka (1995), The knowledge creating company: how Japanese companies create the dynamics of innovation.   #635   		1995
Immanuel Kant Synthesis: Kant   #260  
Immanuel Kant threesome
Existence of the World: Kant   #261  
Immanuel Kant Sublime - subjective, general - why
Good - objective, general - how
Agreeable - objective, particular - what
Beautiful - subjective, particular - whether
Kant's four reflective judgments from his Critique of Judgment   #272  
Immanuel Kantthree mindsquid factiquid jurisquid jus German philosopher Immanuel Kant, in his Critique of Pure Reason, II.I.9, appealed to the legal distinction between
  • quid facti - the question of fact: by what facts?
  • quid juris - the question of right: by what right?
Philosophy Stack Exchange. What is Quid Juris?
In "The Metaphysical Elements of Justice", he also distinguished between quid juris and
  • quid jus - the question of justice, the concept of law - by what concept of law?
Paul Dominic. 'Quid jus?' and 'Quid juris?'   #25   		1781
Immanuel Kantthree mindsjudgmentpractical reasonpure reason German philosopher Immanuel Kant published his Critique of Pure Reason in 1781, Critique of Practical Reason in 1788, and Critique of Judgment in 1790. These three faculties each have their own stance.
  • Judgment makes determinations in terms of how we ourselves feel, whether regarding sensory, aesthetic knowledge, or abstract, teleological ideas. What may I hope?
  • Practical reason formulates the course of action that we are to take morally, supposing that we have free will. What should I do?
  • Pure reason circumscribes the limits of our knowledge, what we are able to know about what we are able to know. What can I know?   #28   		1781
Immanuel Kantthree mindssynthetic a posteriorianalytic a priorisynthetic a priori Immanuel Kant, perturbed by skeptic David Hume's paradoxical critique of causal thinking, teased out the distinction between knowledge a posteriori (after the fact, empirically) and a priori (before the fact, necessarily) and the distinction between statements which are synthetic (fused together, bottom up) and analytic (broken up, top down). In his resolution of the paradox, Kant distinguished
  • synthetic a posteriori statements - which we gather and assemble from experience
  • analytic a priori statements - which we deduce logically from first principles
  • synthetic a priori statements - which apply the innate templates by which we engage and comprehend the world, which hold in parallel with the world
Wikipedia: Immanuel Kant   #29   		1781
Immanuel Kant foursome
Representations: Kant   #287  
Immanuel Kant foursome
Antimonies: Kant   #294  
Immanuel Kant foursome
Principal Moments: Kant   #295  
Immanuel Kant0-foursome foursome
Cognitive Perfections: Kant   #296  
Immanuel Kant foursome
Principles: Kant   #299  
Immanuel Kant Immanuel Kant
ultimate questions: God, freedom, immortality   #369  
Immanuel Kantthree mindsheteronomous receptivityautonomous spontaneity Immanuel Kant opposed the passive receptivity of the body with active rational subjectivity.
 It is not from receptivity, but from the spontaneity of the subject that the aggregate of perception becomes a system, thus from that which the understanding makes out of this simple material, hence autonomously not heteronomously.
Immanuel Kant. Opus Postumum.
Stefano Franchi. General Homeostasis, Passive Life, and the Challenge to Autonomy.   #908   		1804
Immanuel Kant twosome
Synthetic and Analytic: Kant   #228  
Immanuel Kant twosome
Judgments: Kant   #229  
Immanuel Kant twosome
Change: Kant   #230  
Immanuel Kant twosome
Time and Space: Kant   #231  
Immanuel Kant twosome
Representations: Kant   #232  
Immanuel Kant twosome
Experience: Kant   #242  
Imre Latakos0-three mindsrefutationproof proofs, refutations
Wikipedia: Proofs and Refutations
Imre Latakos. Proofs and Refutations: The Logic of Mathematical Discovery   #1055   		1976
Imre Latakos0-threesome Lakatos summarizes this method by the following list of stages:
Primitive conjecture.
Proof (a rough thought-experiment or argument, decomposing the primitive conjecture into subconjectures).
"Global" counterexamples (counterexamples to the primitive conjecture) emerge.
Proof re-examined: the "guilty lemma" to which the global counter-example is a "local" counterexample is spotted. This guilty lemma may have previously remained "hidden" or may have been misidentified.
Now it is made explicit, and built into the primitive conjecture as a condition. The theorem - the improved conjecture - supersedes the primitive conjecture with the new proof-generated concept as its paramount new feature.
He goes on and gives further stages that might sometimes take place:
Proofs of other theorems are examined to see if the newly found lemma or the new proof-generated concept occurs in them: this concept may be found lying at cross-roads of different proofs, and thus emerge as of basic importance.
The hitherto accepted consequences of the original and now refuted conjecture are checked.
Counterexamples are turned into new examples - new fields of inquiry open up.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proofs_and_Refutations   #1056   		1976
Indian thoughtthreesomevacha (word)karmana (deed)manasa (thought) In Sanskrit, trikaranaśuddhi refers to the purity, unity, harmony and congruence of
  • manasa (thought)
  • vacha (word or speech)
  • karmana (deed)
The Indian saying Manassekam, Vachassekam, Karmanyekam Mahaatmanam speaks of this congruence in Mahatma (a great person), that they are centered on unity in all three ways, and themselves have this unity.
Wikipedia: Manasa, vacha, karmana   #100   		100
information integration theory information integration theory
IIT Wiki. Axioms & Postulates.
exists, intrinsic, specific, unitary, definite, structured   #341  
Iranaeusthree mindsdisobedienceobedienceincorruptibility Greek bishop Irenaeus taught in Against Heresies that
  • Adam disobeyed God, eating the fruit of the tree of knowledge of good and evil, thus suffered death and corruption
  • Jesus obeyed God, even to his death on the wood of a tree, thus saved humankind, giving us his qualities
  • God bestowed his incorruptibility through Jesus's incarnation, spreading his qualities across humanity.
Wikipedia: Irenaeus   #763   		181
Isaiah Berlinthree mindswide variety of experiencessingle defining idea Latvian-Jewish-British thinker Isaiah Berlin authored a popular essay which was received as an intellectual cocktail-party game. He divided thinkers into two categories:
  • hedgehogs (Plato, Lucretius, Blaise Pascal, Marcel Proust, Fernand Braudel) view the world through the lens of a single defining idea
  • foxes (Aristotle, Desiderius Erasmus, Johann Wolfgang Goethe) draw on a wide variety of experiences and do not distill a single idea
He perceived a conflict in Leo Tolstoy, who he described as a fox by nature but a hedgehog by conviction.
Wikipedia: The Hedgehog and the Fox   #669   		1953
Isaiah Berlinthree mindsinner voice createsexternal voice reflects Isaiah Berlin, historian of ideas, in his lecture series, "The Roots of Romanticism", described its aesthetics.
 the notion of eternal models, a Platonic vision of ideal beauty, which the artist seeks to convey, however imperfectly, on canvas or in sound, is replaced by a passionate belief in spiritual freedom, individual creativity. The painter, the poet, the composer do not hold up a mirror to nature, however ideal, but invent; they do not imitate (the doctrine of mimesis), but create not merely the means but the goals that they pursue; these goals represent the self-expression of the artist's own unique, inner vision, to set aside which in response to the demands of some "external" voice—church, state, public opinion, family friends, arbiters of taste—is an act of betrayal of what alone justifies their existence for those who are in any sense creative.
Wikipedia: Romanticism   #670   		1965
J. B. S. Haldane0-three minds The view had already been anticipated by John S. Haldane within an explicitly Kantian framework when the British physiologist stated that
  it is unmeaning to treat consciousness as a mere accomplishment to life or to ignore the differences between blind organic activities and rational behavior”
JS Haldane. Organism and Environment As Illustrated by the Physiology of Breathing.
Stefano Franchi. General Homeostasis, Passive Life, and the Challenge to Autonomy.   #911   		1917
Jacques Lacan0-foursomedriveunconsciousrepetitiontransference French psychoanalyst Jacques Lacan
Lacan sought in his eleventh Seminar to cover what he called "the major Freudian concepts – I have isolated four that seem to come within this category...the first two, the Unconscious and Repetition. The Transference – I hope to approach it next time -...and lastly, the Drive." Praxis thus, which "places the subject in a position of dealing with the real through the symbolic," produces concepts, of which four are offered here: the Unconscious, Repetition, Transference and the Drive.
Wikipedia: The Four Fundamental Concepts of Psychoanalysis.   #788   		1964
Jacques Lacanthree mindsimaginarysymbolicreal French psychoanalyst Jacques Lacan considered psychic functions to occur within a universal matrix of three registers.
  • The Imaginary is the field of images and imagination, the signified and signification, generating illusions: synthesis, autonomy, duality and resemblance. It is rooted in one's relationship with their own body, alienation from conflict between one's emotional experience and one's imagine in a mirror, captivation with this image of "me", yielding sexual display and courtship love. Its fixations are disabling. It inverts and distorts discourse with a wall of language.
  • The Symbolic structures the Imaginary order, and is where the analyst produces changes in one's subjective position. It is the world of words (signifiers) that creates the world of things, the discourse of the Other, where elements exist by their mutual differences, the domain of culture, the basis for law which regulate desire, where the drives of death and lack, through repetition, leverage the pleasure principle.
  • The Real is all that is impossible to imagine or symbolize or attain, for which all words or categories fail, thus traumatic, the essential object that is thus not an object, never missing, always present, positive, in its place.
To these he adds:
  • The Sinthome (symptom) is the sign of neurosis which the subject, guided by the analyst, learns to creatively embrace, knotting together the Real, Imaginary and Symbolic.
Wikipedia: Jacques Lacan
Stanford: Jacques Lacan   #793   		1959
Jaemin Frazerthree mindsvictimsworkerswinners Life coach Jaemin Frazer identifies three common approaches to get ahead in life:
  • Victims proceed Have, Do, Be. Since they do not have what they need, they wait and complain.
  • Workers proceed Do, Have, Be. They end up doing ever more, having ever more, but never being happy.
  • Winners proceed Be, Do, Have. They focus on being the kind of person who has the outcomes they want to have. Having takes care of itself.
Jaemin Frazer. A simple explanation of the BE DO HAVE model.   #108   		2023
James Fowler James Fowler
primal or undifferentiated, intuitive-projective, mythic-literal, synthetic-conventional, individuative-reflective, conjunctive, universalizing
Wikipedia: James W. Fowler   #386  
James Gibson0-foursome We see things in terms of the actions we can take. We can look at them in terms of How. We can thus also think of them in terms of Why they are interesting to us.
James Gibson's affordance   #273  
James Mark Baldwinthree mindsinstinctual behaviorlearned behavioraptitude for learning behavior American philosopher and psychologist James Mark Baldwin proposed in "A New Factor in Evolution" an evolutionary mechanism now known as the Baldwin effect. Learned behavior can prove advantageous, and while the behavior itself may not be inheritable, yet the tendency to discover that behavior may well be. Over generations, learned behavior may transform into instinctual behavior.
Wikipedia: Baldwin effect   #115   		1896
James W. Fowler0-needs primal-undifferentiated, intuitive-projective, mythic-literal, synthetic-conventional, individuative-reflective, conjunctive, universalizing
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_W._Fowler   #734   		1981
Jane Austenthree mindssensibilitysense Jane Austen's novel "Sense and Sensibility" contrasts two sisters.
  • Elinor Dashwood, age 19, has sense, feels responsible for family and friends, places their interests above her own, suppresses her own strong emotions, is perceived as indifferent or cold-hearted.
  • Marianne Dashwood, age 16, manifests sensibility, is romantically inclined, eagerly expressive, is attracted to a handsome, romantically spirited man.
Wikipedia: Sense and Sensibility   #20   		1811
Jane Austenthree mindsprejudicepride English novelist Jane Austen's novel Pride and Prejudice shows how Elizabeth and her sisters come to see Darcy in a new light.
 One cannot wonder that so very fine a young man, with family, fortune, everything in his favour, should think highly of himself. If I may so express it, he has a right to be proud.
 I could easily forgive his pride, if he had not mortified mine.
 A person may be proud without being vain. Pride relates more to our opinion of ourselves; vanity to what we would have others think of us.
 He spoke well; but there were feelings besides those of the heart to be detailed, and he was not more eloquent on the subject of tenderness than of pride. His sense of her inferiority, of its being a degradation, of the family obstacles which judgment had always opposed to inclination, were dwelt on with a warmth which seemed due to the consequence he was wounding, but was very unlikely to recommend his suit.
 She began now to comprehend that he was exactly the man who, in disposition and talents, would most suit her. His understanding and temper, though unlike her own, would have answered all her wishes. It was an union that must have been to the advantage of both: by her ease and liveliness, his mind might have been softened, his manners improved; and from his judgment, information, and knowledge of the world, she must have received benefit of greater importance.
 Darcy mentioned his letter. “Did it,” said he,—“did it soon make you think better of me? Did you, on reading it, give any credit to its contents?” She explained what its effects on her had been, and how gradually all her former prejudices had been removed.
Jane Austen. Pride and Prejudice.   #997   		1813
Jane Loevinger0-needs Jane Loevinger
pre-social, impulsive, self-protective, conformist, self-aware, conscientious, individualistic, autonomous
Wikipedia: Loevinger's stages of ego development   #394  
Jaspers foursome
Aspects of Man: Jaspers   #291  
Jean Piaget Jean Piaget
sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, formal operational
Wikipedia: Piaget's theory of cognitive development   #389  
Jean Piaget Jean Piaget
transformations, states
Wikipedia: Piaget's theory of cognitive development   #390  
Jean Piaget Jean Piaget
operative intelligence, figurative intelligence
Wikipedia: Piaget's theory of cognitive development   #391  
Jean Piaget Jean Piaget
assimilation, accomodation
Wikipedia: Piaget's theory of cognitive development   #392  
Jean Piaget Jean Piaget
assimilation, accomodation
Wikipedia: Piaget's theory of cognitive development   #393  
Jean Piaget sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, formal operational
Wikipedia: Jean Piaget: Developmental psychology.   #736  
Jean-Paul Sartre0-three minds Based on an examination of the nature of phenomena, he describes the nature of two types of being, being-in-itself (the being of things) and being-for-itself. While being-in-itself is something that can only be approximated by human beings, being-for-itself is the being of consciousness.
Wikipedia: Being and Nothingness   #1145   		1943
Jean-Pierre Caron0-system Jean-Pierre Caron
12 points of view on money based on Aristotle's 10 categories and also Strength (Dynamism) and Manifestation (Phenomenalism)
Jean-Pierre Caron. What Is Money? A matter of point of view!   #1091 ❤️Hans-Florian Hoyer   		2017
Jere Northrop mind, matter, word, world
Jere Northrop. The Relational Symmetry Paradigm.   #1054   		2023
Jere Northropthree mindsdirect experiencelanguagehypothetical universal language American ecotechnology pioneer Jere Northrop proposed the Relational Symmetry Paradigm to expand the existing scientific paradigm’s fundamental foundations by including consciousness, language, and creativity.
 Begin with what we know best, and where we have the most direct experience, how you and I interact with each other through language. Where do we agree with each other. How can we abstract this into a symbolic structure that can be used to extend and evolve our existing natural and created languages to approach a Hypothetical Universal Language, a language that is symmetrically consistent and useful in terms of understanding electrons, galaxies, and each other.
The Relational Symmetry Paradigm   #1083   		2023
Jerome Bruner Bruner and Leo Postman showed slower reaction times and less accurate answers when a deck of playing cards reversed the color of the suit symbol for some cards (e.g. red spades and black hearts).[18] These series of experiments issued in what some called the 'New Look' psychology, which challenged psychologists to study not just an organism's response to a stimulus, but also its internal interpretation. Wikipedia: Jerome Bruner
Jerome S. Bruner and Leo Postman. On the Perception of Incongruity: A Paradigm"
Suzan Michele Bourgion. Encyclopedia of World Biography. Jerome Bruner.   #480   		1949
Jerome Seymour Brunerfoursomeiconicenactivesymbolic American educational cognitive psychologist Jerome Seymour Bruner introduced enaction as learning by doing:
 Any domain of knowledge (or any problem within that domain of knowledge) can be represented in three ways:
  • by a set of actions appropriate for achieving a certain result (enactive representation);
  • by a set of summary images or graphics that stand for a concept without defining it fully (iconic representation);
  • and by a set of symbolic or logical propositions drawn from a symbolic system that is governed by rules or laws for forming and transforming propositions (symbolic representation)
Wikipedia: Enactivism
Jerome Seymour Bruner. Toward a Theory of Instruction   #476   		1966
Jess Cartner-Morleythree mindsvibefacts British fashion journalist Jess Cartner-Morley sketched out the history of vibe.
 Facts are dead, and the vibe is king. ...The story of vibes begins with the release of the Beach Boys’ Good Vibrations in 1966. That was where the vibe chilled, for decades: West-Coast-specific, surf-adjacent, self-consciously laid-back. Quincy Jones launched Vibe magazine in 1993, when hip-hop was still a subculture, and the meaning of vibe began to expand. A graph of the word ‘vibes’ on Google Trends shows it begins to move from the alternative to the mainstream around 2016. Having hummed around the edges of culture for half a century, vibes began to gather steam. Louise Yems, strategy director of creative agency The Digital Fairy, believes the rise of vibes “speaks to how our reduced attention spans have led to a shortening of language. We use fewer words to capture something bigger than the words themselves.” Sometime around the early 2010s, the media started talking about places, bands, hotels having “a cool vibe”, or “an uptown vibe”.
Jess Cartner-Morley. ‘It’s game over for facts’: how vibes came to rule everything from pop to politics   #995   		2024
Jessica Lockthree mindsemotionalrationalwise Chinese Peruvian Canadian mindset coach Jessica Lock learned from her therapist that our minds have three states.
  • The Reasonable Mind is used when a person approaches a situation through logic. They plan and make decisions based on facts. It’s more objective.
  • The Emotional Mind is used when feelings control a person’s thoughts and behavior. They might act impulsively with little to no regards to the consequences. Emotions let us know when boundaries have been crossed.
  • The Wise Mind is the balance between the reasonable and emotional mind. The ideal state to be. They are able to recognize and respect their feelings. While responding to them in a rational matter. It’s also known as intuitive thinking.
Jessica Lock. Whole and Unleashed. The 3 Minds.   #679   		2019
Jesusthree mindsyesnotruthfulness Jesus taught in the Sermon on the Mount
 Again you have heard that it was said to the ancient ones, ‘You shall not make false vows, but shall perform to the Lord your vows,’but I tell you, don’t swear at all: neither by heaven, for it is the throne of God; nor by the earth, for it is the footstool of his feet; nor by Jerusalem, for it is the city of the great King. Neither shall you swear by your head, for you can’t make one hair white or black. But let your ‘Yes’ be ‘Yes’ and your ‘No’ be ‘No.’ Whatever is more than these is of the evil one.
Matthew 5: 33-37   #768   		88
Jesusthree mindsknownot knowtruth In the Gospel of John, Jesus tells the Samaritan woman at the well
 You worship that which you don’t know. We worship that which we know; for salvation is from the Jews. But the hour comes, and now is, when the true worshipers will worship the Father in spirit and truth, for the Father seeks such to be his worshipers. God is spirit, and those who worship him must worship in spirit and truth.
John 4:22-24   #787   		100
Jesusfoursomespiritknownot knowtruth In the Gospel of John, Jesus tells the Samaritan woman at the well
 You worship that which you don’t know. We worship that which we know; for salvation is from the Jews. But the hour comes, and now is, when the true worshipers will worship the Father in spirit and truth, for the Father seeks such to be his worshipers. God is spirit, and those who worship him must worship in spirit and truth.
John 4:22-24   #789   		100
Jesusthree mindsfleshspiritwatch and pray Jesus, at Gethsemane, asked his disciples to keep watch while he prayed, but they fell asleep. What, couldn’t you watch with me for one hour? Watch and pray, that you don’t enter into temptation. The spirit indeed is willing, but the flesh is weak. He thus distinguished flesh and spirit, but also a third faculty that can keep watch and pray.
Matthew 26:40-41   #38   		100
Jesusfoursomeword is taken awayword does not take rootword is chokedword bears fruit Jesus explained his parable of the sower: Don’t you understand this parable? How will you understand all of the parables? The farmer sows the word.
  • The ones by the road are the ones where the word is sown; and when they have heard, immediately Satan comes and takes away the word which has been sown in them.
  • These in the same way are those who are sown on the rocky places, who, when they have heard the word, immediately receive it with joy. They have no root in themselves, but are short-lived. When oppression or persecution arises because of the word, immediately they stumble.
  • Others are those who are sown among the thorns. These are those who have heard the word, and the cares of this age, and the deceitfulness of riches, and the lusts of other things entering in choke the word, and it becomes unfruitful.
  • Those which were sown on the good ground are those who hear the word, accept it, and bear fruit, some thirty times, some sixty times, and some one hundred times.”
Wikipedia: Parable of the Sower   #39   		70
Jesusfoursomestone as thingstone as appearancestone as location In the Gospels, Jesus fasts for 40 days and then is tempted in three ways, all related to stone:
  • The tempter came and said to him, “If you are the Son of God, command that these stones become bread.”
  • Then the devil took him into the holy city. He set him on the pinnacle of the temple, and said to him, “If you are the Son of God, throw yourself down, for it is written, ‘He will command his angels concerning you,’ and, ‘On their hands they will bear you up, so that you don’t dash your foot against a stone.’"
  • Again, the devil took him to an exceedingly high mountain, and showed him all the kingdoms of the world and their glory. He said to him, “I will give you all of these things, if you will fall down and worship me.”
Wikipedia: Temptation of Christ   #40   		100
Jesus0-foursome Jesus
body, mind, heart, will   #339  
Jesusthree mindslifetruthway Jesus, in the Gospel of John, at the Last Supper, says to his disciples, "I am the way, the truth, and the life". [The place Jesus prepares, the words he speaks, the deeds he does are the conceptual framework - the truth that reveals the spiritual life of God, and that revelation to his disciples is the way.]
 "Don’t let your heart be troubled. Believe in God. Believe also in me. In my Father’s house are many homes. If it weren’t so, I would have told you. I am going to prepare a place for you. If I go and prepare a place for you, I will come again and will receive you to myself; that where I am, you may be there also. You know where I go, and you know the way."
 Thomas said to him, "Lord, we don’t know where you are going. How can we know the way?”
  Jesus said to him, “I am the way, the truth, and the life. No one comes to the Father, except through me. If you had known me, you would have known my Father also. From now on, you know him and have seen him."
 Philip said to him, “Lord, show us the Father, and that will be enough for us."
 Jesus said to him, "Have I been with you such a long time, and do you not know me, Philip? He who has seen me has seen the Father. How do you say, ‘Show us the Father’? Don’t you believe that I am in the Father, and the Father in me? The words that I tell you, I speak not from myself; but the Father who lives in me does his works."
Gospel of John. Chapter 14.   #691   		100
Jesus0-three mindslove your neighbor as yourselflove God love your neighbor as yourself
love God
  #974   		100
Jesusthree mindstruthwordfree Jesus, in the Gospel of John, told the Pharisees that he was the light of the world. (Those who keep God's word will see God's truth and be free to live by the word or by the truth.)
 If you remain in my word, then you are truly my disciples. You will know the truth, and the truth will make you free.
  ...If you were Abraham's children, you would do the works of Abraham. But now you seek to kill me, a man who has told you the truth, which I heard from God.
  ...Why don't you understand my speech? Because you can't hear my word.
  ...If I tell the truth, why do you not believe me? He who is of God hears the words of God. For this cause you don't hear, because you are not of God.
John 8:31-47   #485   		100
Jesusthree mindssquanderserveforgive Jesus, in the Gospel of Luke, tells a parable of a man with two sons.
  • The younger son asked his father for his inheritance ahead of time, squandered it, and being hungry, asked his father for forgiveness, and received it.
  • The older son, who served his father devotedly, obediently, without reward, grew angry and would not celebrate.
  • The father had compassion, and forgave the younger son, and explained to the older son, why they should celebrate, for his brother was lost and found.
Wikipedia: Parable of the Prodigal Son
World English Bible. Luke 15.   #761   		85
Job0-three minds 1 Then Job answered the LORD: 2 “I know that you can do all things, and that no purpose of yours can be restrained. 3 You asked, ‘Who is this who hides counsel without knowledge?’ therefore I have uttered that which I didn’t understand, things too wonderful for me, which I didn’t know. 4 You said, ‘Listen, now, and I will speak; I will question you, and you will answer me.’ 5 I had heard of you by the hearing of the ear, but now my eye sees you. 6 Therefore I abhor myself, and repent in dust and ashes.”
Job 42: 1-6   #1031   		-500
Johann Gottlieb Fichtethree mindsthesisantithesissynthesis Johann Gottlieb Fichte, a founder of German idealism, gave lectures, published in 1794/1795 as Foundations of the Science of Knowledge, where he related three ideas.
  • thesis is a formal statement
  • antithesis is an opposing statement
  • synthesis is their resolution based on what they have in common
This relation thesis-antithesis-synthesis is often used to refer to Hegel's triadic thinking which came later.
Scholarly Community Encyclopedia: Thesis, Antithesis, Synthesis   #6   		1794
Johann Gottlieb Fichte0-three minds Johann Gottlieb Fichte
 Like all of Fichte’s systematic treatises of the Jena period, The System of Ethics begins with a detailed analysis of what is involved in the self-positing of the I. In this case, the focus is upon the necessity that the I posit for itself its own activity or “efficacy,” and upon a detailed analysis of the conditions for doing this. In this manner Fichte deduces what he calls “the principle of all practical philosophy,” viz., that something objective (a being) follows from something subjective (a concept), and hence that the I must ascribe to itself a power of free purposiveness or causality in the sensible world. The I must posit itself as an embodied will, and only as such does it “discover” itself at all. From this starting point Fichte then proceeds to a deduction of the principle of morality: namely, that I must think of my freedom as standing under a certain necessary law or categorical imperative, which Fichte calls “the law of self-sufficiency” or “autonomy,” and that I ought always to determine my freedom in accordance with this law. This, therefore, is the task of the philosophical science of “ethics,” as understood by Fichte: to provide an a priori deduction of our moral nature in general and of our specific duties as human beings. Viewed from the perspective of practical philosophy, the world really is nothing more than what Fichte once described as “the material of our duty made sensible,” which is precisely the viewpoint adopted by the morally engaged, practically striving subject.
Stanford: Johann Gottlieb Fichte   #1102   		1798
Johann Gottlieb Fichtethree mindsself-acquaintanceself-explanationself-consciousness Johann Gottlieb Fichte, expounder of transcendental idealism, in his "Attempt at a New Presentation of the Science of Knowledge", examined the conditions for consciousness of the self.
  • the self, prior to reflection, acting freely, has acquaintance with itself, by which it discovers its own limitations
  • the self posits the not-I in order to explain to itself its limitations
  • the self posits and grows conscious of others and itself as rational subjects by taking up the call to exercise freedom respectfully
Wikipedia: Johann Gottlieb Fichte   #591   		1797
Johann Wolfgang von Goethethree mindsinnate free natural instinctnarrow limits of an antiquated world German author Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, at the age of 24, wrote the classic of the Sturm and Drang proto-romantic movement, The Sorrows of Young Werther. Fifty years later, he reflected
 ...it does not belong to the course of universal culture, but to the career of life in every individual, who, with an innate free natural instinct, must accommodate himself to the narrow limits of an antiquated world. Obstructed fortune, restrained activity, unfulfilled wishes, are not the calamities of any particular time, but those of every individual man; and it would be bad, indeed, if every one had not, once in his life, known a time when ‘Werther’ seemed as if it had been written for him alone.
Wikipedia: The Sorrows of Young Werther   #673   		1774
John Archibald Wheelerphysicsobserver-participancyinformation threesome
physics, observer-participancy, information John Archibald Wheeler. Information, Physics, Quantum: The Search for Links   #244   		1989
John Archibald Wheelerphysicsobserver-participancyinformation threesome
physics, observer-participancy, information John Archibald Wheeler. Information, Physics, Quantum: The Search for Links   #245   		1989
John Bargh John Bargh
awareness, intentionality, efficiency, controllability
Wikipedia: Dual process theory   #380  
John Boyd0-threesomeorient & decideactobserve United States Air Force Colonel John Boyd Wikipedia: OODA loop   #258   1995
John C. Boik0-threesome story editing
system computations, meaning assessment, reporting
group dialogue, feedback, story digestion
John C. Boik. CogNarr ecosystem: Facilitating Group Cognition at Scale.   #833   		2024
John Cutting three minds
John Cutting
John Cutting. Principles of Psychopathology: Two Worlds, Two Minds, Two Hemispheres   #583   		1997
John Cuttingthree mindsindividual thingsclasses of things British psychiatrist John Cutting studied philosophy (Kant, Schopenhauer, Bergson, Sartre, Merleau-Ponty, Arendt) to understand psychopathology. He analyzed hallucination, illusion, anomalous experience, agnosia and delusion in terms of distinctions in brain hemispheres.
  • the right hemisphere considered individual things
  • the left hemisphere considered classes of things
John Cutting. Principles of psychopathology : two worlds, two minds, two hemispheres.   #593   		1997
John Graythree mindscounting unitsmeasuring sums American relationship counselor John Gray controversially describes gender differences, how women and men respond to stress and stressful situations, and how they are acclimated to their own gender's society and customs, leading to conflicts in communications.
  • Women credit points for all acts of love, large or small, the same. Women respond to stress by talking with someone close about it. Women give to others in stable waves, but when they don't receive love and attention in return, they crest and crash.
  • Men credit points for large acts of love more than small acts of love. Men respond to stress by temporarily withdrawing.
Men Are from Mars, Women Are from Venus   #145   		1992
John Hughlings Jackson John Hughlings Jackson proposed three levels in the organization of the nervous system.
  • At the lowest level, movements were to be represented in their least complex form; such centres lie in the medulla and spinal cord.
  • The middle level consists of the so-called motor area of the cortex. 'Positive' symptoms were caused by the functional release of the lower centres.
  • The highest motor levels are found in the prefrontal area. The higher centres inhibited the lower ones and hence lesions thereat caused 'negative' symptoms (due to an absence of function).
Wikipedia: John Hughlings Jackson   #610  
John Keatsthree mindsbeautyimmortal worklove of principle English romantic poet John Keats wrote to his beloved Fanny Brawne
 I have left no immortal work behind me—nothing to make my friends proud of my memory—but I have lov’d the principle of beauty in all things, and if I had had time I would have made myself remember’d.
Michelle Stacey. Writ in Water.   #162   		1820
John Kekesthreesomejudgmentactionknowledge American philosopher John Kekes organized his essay on wisdom in three parts.
 In good judgment, a person brings his knowledge to bear on his actions. To understand wisdom, we have to understand its connection with knowledge, action, and judgment.
John Kekes. Wisdom. American Philosophical Quarterly.   #769   		1983
John Kekesthree mindswants of human situationideals of good lifemodification of wants with regard to ideals American ethicist John Kekes argued
 What a wise man knows, therefore, is how to construct a pattern that, given the human situation, is likely to lead to a good life. This knowledge is not esoteric, for it is within everyone's reach; nor does it require a special skill or talent, for it concerns the recognition of possibilities and limitations that are the same for everyone. But it does take self control, enabling a person to modify his wants in accordance with his ideals; self-knowledge, for knowing what his wants and ideals are; breadth and depth; constancy, so that adversity will not deflect him from his commitments; and the hierarchical ranking of his commitments, for judging what is important to him.
John Kekes. Wisdom. American Philosophical Quarterly.
Wikiversity: Wisdom: Defining Wisdom   #770 ❤️LB   		1983
John Kekesfoursomeknow basic assumptionsknow what actions to performknow the significance of basic assumptions American ethicist John Kekes observed that knowledge involved in wisdom concerns means to good ends.
  • knowledge of means is knowing what actions to perform, which is relatively simple
  • knowledge of good ends is knowledge of the significance of the most basic assumptions of human experience, which mark off the limits to human possibility
  • basic assumption include that I have a body with limbs and head, there exist other people and many familiar material objects, I was born, have matured, am aging, will die, I perceive the world through my senses, I am capable of thought, feeling, imagination, will, I can learn from the past and plan for the future.
John Kekes. Wisdom. American Philosophical Quarterly.
Wikiversity: Wisdom: Defining Wisdom   #771 ❤️LB   		1983
John Kekes0-foursome John Kekes
Descriptive knowledge: one knows facts
Interpretive knowledge: one knows the significance of the descriptively known facts.
John Kekes. Wisdom. American Philosophical Quarterly.   #767   		1983
John Lockethree mindssensationreflectioneducation English philosopher John Locke explained how the mind derives all ideas from experience.
  • Sensation - direct sensory information from external objects
  • Reflection - the perception of the operations of our own mind within us, as it is employed about the ideas it has got ... This source of ideas every man has wholly within himself; and though it be not sense, as having nothing to do with external objects, yet it is very like it, and might properly enough be called 'internal sense.'
Ideas form through such associations. education influences those associations. Education influences the associations which result, for the mind as such is an empty cabinet. Furthemore, consciousness is the basis of personal identity, and it travels freely into the past.
 And as far as this consciousness can be extended backwards to any past Action or Thought, so far reaches the Identity of that Person; it is the same self now it was then; and 'tis by the same self with this present one that now reflects on it, that that Action was done.
Wikipedia: An Essay Concerning Human Understanding
Wikipedia: John Locke John Locke. An Essay Concering Human Understanding.   #777   		1689
John Maynard Keynesthree mindsspontaneous urge to actionexpected value of benefitsatmosphere English economist John Maynard Keynes described consumer confidence in terms of "animal spirits", an expression used, in their own ways, by Traheron, Descartes, Newton, Wood, Marx, Defoe, Austen, Disraeli, Wodehouse and Doyle.
 Even apart from the instability due to speculation, there is the instability due to the characteristic of human nature that a large proportion of our positive activities depend on spontaneous optimism rather than on a mathematical expectation, whether moral or hedonistic or economic. Most, probably, of our decisions to do something positive, the full consequences of which will be drawn out over many days to come, can only be taken as a result of animal spirits – of a spontaneous urge to action rather than inaction, and not as the outcome of a weighted average of quantitative benefits multiplied by quantitative probabilities.
 This means, unfortunately, not only that slumps and depressions are exaggerated in degree, but that economic prosperity is excessively dependent on a political and social atmosphere which is congenial to the average business man. If the fear of a Labour Government or a New Deal depresses enterprise, this need not be the result either of a reasonable calculation or of a plot with political intent; - it is the mere consequence of upsetting the delicate balance of spontaneous optimism.
Wikipedia: Animal spirits (Keynes)
John Maynard Keynes. The General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money.   #1094 ❤️Marcus Petz   		1936
John Ray Hamannfoursomeselflinearrelationalinterrelational American social architect John Ray Hamann formulated relationalism, which postulates that there are only four possible types of relations and they constitute four relational orders.
  • self relation - a relation by which a system is related to itself
  • linear relation - a relation connecting two systems
  • relational relation - a relation relating a system with a relation
  • interrelational relation - a relation interrelating two other relations
Jere Northrop. The Relational Symmetry Paradigm   #813   		1968
John Stuart Mill twosome
John Stuart Mill: ...our internal consciousness tells us that we have a power, which the whole outward experience of the human race tells us that we never use. (quoted by Hannah Arendt in Willing)   #353  
John Stuart Mills In his A System of Logic the British philosopher John Stuart Mill publishes five methods of inductive reasoning; the reasoning from a specific case or cases to a general rule. The fundamental principle of induction is the proposition that the course of nature is uniform.
Joris Meerts, Dorothy Graham. The History of Software Testing.   #870   		1843
John Templetonthree mindsbrainmindlaws of life American British fund manager John Templeton identified 200 laws in his "Worldwide Laws of Life". He remarked on Marcus Aurelius's teaching, "Your life becomes what you think" by distinguishing brain and mind. "The mind, which is invisible, directs the thinking process. It tells the brain how to sort experience and fact, and how to give shape and form to new ideas." Moreover, in the introduction, he speaks of understanding and practicing the laws of life, the set of rules by which we should live, the spiritual law (the Tao) by which things work, the relationship between thoughts, feelings, ideas and the physical activities which express them.
Templeton. Worldwide Laws of Life: 200 Eternal Spiritual Principles.   #35   		1998
John Vervaeke recursive relevance realization
https://www.psychologytoday.com/intl/blog/theory-knowledge/202101/john-vervaeke-s-brilliant-4p3r-metatheory-cognition
John Vervaeke, Blake Richards. Relevance Realization and the Emerging Framework in Cognitive Science   #1087  
John Vervaeke0-foursome foursome
Vervaeke  Propositional knowledge - what semantic memory, procedural knowledge how semantic memory,
 perspectival knowledge episodic memory (adverbial qualia "hereness, nowness, togetherness") - whether,
 participatory knowledge (agent and arena relationship - how you and the world fit together - you and the world participate in the thing so that real affordances are shared by you, like by walking) - why - the memory is the sense of self
 Procedural knowledge in knowledge of how to do specific activities and sequences of activities.
https://worldofwork.io/2024/08/the-4-ps-of-knowing-per-john-vervaeke/
https://www.psychologytoday.com/intl/blog/theory-knowledge/202101/john-vervaeke-s-brilliant-4p3r-metatheory-cognition
John Vervaeke, Blake Richards. Relevance Realization and the Emerging Framework in Cognitive Science   #327  
Jonathan Haidt Jonathan Haidt
care/harm, fairness/cheating, loyalty/betrayal, authority/subversion, sanctity/degradation, liberty/oppression
Wikipedia: The Righteous Mind
Wikipedia: Moral foundations theory   #401  
Jonathan Haidtthree mindsautomaticcontrolled American social pscyhologist Jonathan Haidt, in The Happiness Hypothesis, presents a metaphor of the two sides of a person.
  • The elephant is their automatic, implicit processes, which provide the power for their journey.
  • The rider is their controlled, reasoned processes, which see the path ahead.
Self-improvement depends on training the elephant.
Wikipedia: The Happiness Hypothesis: Ch.1: The divided self   #657   		2006
Jonathan Haidtthree mindsintuitionrationalizationdiscussion American moral psychologist Jonathan Haidt, the founder of social intuitionism, argues that moral positions primarily arise from intuitions, are then rationalized and justified, are taken mainly to influence others, but are often influenced and sometimes changed through discussions with others.
Wikipedia: Social intuitionism
Jonathan Haidt. The emotional dog and its rational tail: A social intuitionist approach to moral judgment.   #658   		2001
Jonkisz, Wierzchoń, Binderfoursomephenomenal qualitysemantic abstractionphysiological complexityfunctional usefulness Jonkisz, Wierzchoń and Binder describe consciousness as varying along four dimensions:
  • phenomenal quality - the experiential, non-relational aspect of individuated, subjective consciousness - ‘what it is like’ to see something, feel pain, move, talk, think
  • semantic abstraction - aboutness - referential, transitive, intentional content, conveying meaning, the relational aspect
  • physiological complexity - structural, physical, embedded processes, bodily mechanisms, vehicles of consciousness in an organism
  • functional usefulness - pragmatically, for survival, ‘what conscious information affords’ a creature’s actions
Jakub Jonkisz, Michał Wierzchoń, Marek Binder. Four-Dimensional Graded Consciousness.   #569   		2017
Joseph D. Novakthree mindsrelationshipsnodesdiagrams American educator Joseph D. Novak developed concept mapping, the drawing of diagrams of concepts and their relationships. Concept maps allow new concepts to be placed, considered and understood within explicit structures of familiar relationships (such as "causes", "depends on", "belongs to", "opposes").
Wikipedia: Concept map
Wikipedia: Joseph D. Novak   #715   		1972
Joseph Goguen Qualities of information which show that it is tied to a particular, local, concrete situation and a particular social group: Situated, local, emergent, contingent, embodied, vague, open.
Joseph Goguen. Towards a Social, Ethical Theory of Information.   #627   		1997
Joseph Wenzelthree mindsrhetoric as processlogic as productdialectic as procedure American scholar Joseph Wenzel, in analyzing argumentation, distinguished the rhetorical process, dialectical procedure and logical product.
  • Rhetoric helps us to understand and evaluate arguing as a natural process of persuasive communications
  • Logic helps us to understand and evaluate arguments as products people create when they argue.
  • Dialectic is a method, a system or a procedure for regulating discussions among people.
Joseph Wenzel. Three Perspectives on Argument.
Ralph H. Johnson. Revisiting the Logical/Dialectical/Rhetorical Triumvirate.   #127   		1990
journalismfoursomeknowledgeintelligencewisdom Clarence Walker Barron, founder of modern financial journalism, gave a talk to his employees:
 Knowledge, Intelligence and Wisdom: an Address to the Staff of Dow, Jones & Co.
Wikipedia: DIKW pyramid   #56   		1927
Judaismnullsomethe First and the Last The Book of Isaiah includes a clear statement of monotheism.
 Thus saith the Lord, the King of Israel,
 And his Redeemer, the Lord of hosts:
 I am the First and I am the Last;
 and beside Me there is no God.
 Wikipedia: Isaiah 44: Verse 6   #515   		-540
Judaism0-twosome twosome
life, knowledge of good and evil
Genesis 2   #532  
JudaismnullsomeLORD God In Deuteronomy 5:6-10, the LORD God uttered to Moses:
 I am the LORD your God, who brought you out of the land of Egypt, out of the house of bondage.
 You shall have no other gods before me.
 You shall not make a carved image for yourself—any likeness of what is in heaven above, or what is in the earth beneath, or that is in the water under the earth. You shall not bow yourself down to them, nor serve them, for I, the LORD your God, am a jealous God, visiting the iniquity of the fathers on the children and on the third and on the fourth generation of those who hate me and showing loving kindness to thousands of those who love me and keep my commandments.   #81   		-560
JudaismnullsomeLORD (Yahweh) In Deuteronomy 6:4-5, Moses declares:
 Hear, Israel: The LORD is our God. The LORD is one. You shall love the LORD your God with all your heart, with all your soul, and with all your might.   #82   		-560
Judaismthree mindsEveAdamGod In the Book of Genesis, the story of Adam and Eve and God can be interpreted as an allegory about the three minds.
  The man gave names to all livestock, and to the birds of the sky, and to every animal of the field; but for man there was not found a helper comparable to him.
  When the woman saw that the tree was good for food, and that it was a delight to the eyes, and that the tree was to be desired to make one wise, she took some of its fruit, and ate.
  God said, “Who told you that you were naked? Have you eaten from the tree that I commanded you not to eat from?”
World English Bible: Genesis 2 and Genesis 3   #203   		-250
Judaism twosome
Trees: Genesis   #206   		-250
Judea Pearl0-threesome  Pearl’s methodology is based on Bayes’ rule and consists of several steps:
 (1) formulate a hypothesis,
 (2) deduce a testable consequence of the hypothesis,
 (3) perform an experiment and collect evidence, and
 (4) update your belief in the hypothesis.
Nicoleta Spînu, Mark T.D. Cronin, Judith C. Madden, Andrew P. Worth. A matter of trust: Learning lessons about causality will make qAOPs credible.   #1028   		2022
Judea Pearl0-fivesome fivesome
Judea Pearl   #560  
Julian Jaynesthree mindssense perceptionmetaphorsintrospection American psychologist Julian Jaynes researched animal learning, natural animal behavior, comparative psychology. He spoke on consciousness at the annual meeting of the American Psychological Association, noting that 20th century thinkers could distinguish sense perception from introspection, though they doubted the latter but not the former. He explained introspection as dependent more on culture and language, especially metaphors, rather than physiology.
Wikipedia: Julian Jaynes   #619   		1969
Julian Jaynesthree mindsverbal hallucinationsobeyingconsciousness American psychologist Julian Jaynes explained consciousness as a learned behavior that arose from language and, specifically, metaphor. He argued from ancient texts and archaeology that consciousness arose during the 2nd millenium BCE and that prior to that there existed a non-conscious mentality, the bicameral mind, based on the brain's two hemispheres. Ancient people (much like schizophrenics today) hallucinated voices (from their right brain), which they experienced as commands from external gods, reflecting their own desires, which they were obliged to hear and obey (with their left brain). They did not have meta-reflection, metaconsciousness, self-awareness, any conception of why they did what they did, or any notion of mind.
Wikipedia: Bicameral mentality
Wikipedia: The Origin of Consciousness in the Breakdown of the Bicameral Mind
Wikipedia: Julian Jaynes   #620   		1976
Julien Offray de La Mettrie0-three minds La Mettrie, Julien Offray de. Man a machine.   #1039   1747
Jung foursome
Functions of Personality: Jung   #283  
Jürgen Habermas Jürgen Habermas
constative, regulative, expressive
Stanford: Jürgen Habermas   #446  
K.V.Raghupathithree mindscarryinguniversaljoyful Indian yogi poet K.V.Raghupathi describes the
  • carrying mind, operating within the world, in time and space, heavy with mental impressions (samskaras), anxieties, aspirations, conflicts, playing havoc with our bodies
  • universal mind, beyond duality, time and space, filled with compassion, maintaining ecological balance, attaining inner peace and happiness, comprehending and transcending the carrying mind
  • joyful mind, a blissful state that arises as one lives in the universal mind, as the other side of the same coin
K.V.Raghupathi. The Three Minds.   #689   		2024
Kabbalah Sefirot (literally 'sphere') meaning emanations, are the 10 attributes/emanations in Kabbalah, through which Ein Sof ("infinite space") reveals itself and continuously creates both the physical realm and the seder hishtalshelut (the chained descent of the metaphysical Four Worlds).
ten different channels through which the one God reveals His will
Wikipedia: Sefirot   #1107  
Kabbalah0-foursome Four Worlds (scopes for God going beyond God)
World of Emanation (Hebrew: אֲצִילוּת, Atzilut): In this level the light of the Ein Sof radiates and is united with its source. Divine Chochmah, the limitless flash of wisdom beyond grasp, predominates.
World of Creation (Hebrew: בְּרִיאָה, Beri'ah): In this level, is the first creation ex nihilo, where the souls and angels have self-awareness, but without form. Divine Binah, the intellectual understanding, predominates.
World of Formation (Hebrew: יְצִירָה, Yetzirah): On this level, creation is related to form. The Divine emotional sefirot of Chesed to Yesod predominate.
World of Action (Hebrew: עֲשִׂיָּה, Assiah): On this level creation is relegated to its physical aspect, the only physical realm and the lowest World, this realm with all its creatures. The Divine Kingship of Malchut predominates, the purpose of Creation.
Wikipedia: Sefirot
Wikipedia: Four Worlds   #1108  
Kabbalah The ten sefirot develop into five or six primary partzufim, which further develop into pairs of Male and Female secondary partzufim. The male principle in Kabbalah metaphorically denotes outward/emanator/giver, and the female principle denotes inward/receiver/nurturer, similar to the female process of pregnancy to nurture subsequent emanation.
Wikipedia: Partzufim   #1109  
Kabbalah The fundamental primary partzufim and the sefirot they develop from are:
Ancient of Days, supreme "earliest/oldest" inner dimension of Keter Will from Ein Sof)
Arich Anpin - "Long Face/Extending Patience", infinitely extending downwards source of divine compassion in Keter Will
Abba - "Father", Chokmah illumination of Wisdom insight, root of intellect on the "right" of the sefirot (Revelation)
Imma - "Mother", Binah intellectual Understanding nurturing pregnant emotions, on the "left" side of the sefirot (Internalisation)
Zeir Anpin - "Small Face/Short Patience", Son, 6 sefirot emotions that shattered, born from Imma on "left" side (Judgement)
Nukvah - "Female" of Zeir Anpin, Daughter, Malkuth reign in Feminine Shekhinah, born from Zeir Anpin on "left", man reunites
Wikipedia: Partzufim   #1110  
Kabbalah foursome
Kabbalah
literal, allusive, allegorical, mystical
Wikipedia: Four senses of Scripture   #468  
Kabbalah twosome
Kabbalah
God in essence, God in manifestation
Wikipedia: Kabbalah   #469  
Kabbalahthree mindsinstinctsmoral virtuesunderstanding The Kabbalah posits that the human soul has three elements, which are referred to in Genesis and discussed in the Zohar.
  • Nefesh (נֶפֶשׁ), the lower soul, the animal part, life-force of the body, aware of the body, given at birth, and dying with the body, the fount of instincts and bodily cravings, which can yet be fully obedient to God
  • Ruach (רוּחַ), the middle soul, the spirit, which contains the moral virtues and the ability to distinguish between good and evil, by which God is loved with all one's heart, one's emotions
  • Neshamah (נְשָׁמָה), the higher soul, the super-soul, the intellect, which understands, conceptual grasps, pierces through the ephemeral to the essential, by which the senses are temporarily nullified, making way for love and awe, which separates humans from all other life-forms, which allows humans to enjoy and benefit from the afterlife, which gives humans some awareness of the existence and presence of God
Two further parts of the soul are considered.
  • Chayyah (חיה) provides awareness of the divine life force itself, by which one loves God with all one's being
  • Yehidah (יחידה) is the highest plane of the soul, in which one can achieve the fullest union with God that is possible
Wikipedia: Kabbalah
Kabbalah Online. Neshamah: Levels of Soul Consciousness
Rabbi David Cooper. Five Dimensions Of The Soul.   #470   		1283
Karl Bühler Karl Bühler
expressive function (Ausdrucksfunktion)
representation function (Darstellungsfunktion)
conative function (appealing function)(Appellfunktion)
Karl Bühler used the Cratylus of Plato as the basis for his remarks. Here, Socrates refers to the word as an Ancient Greek: ὄργανον, romanized: órganon, lit. 'instrument, tool, organ', and thus to language as a whole as a tool, with which a person can communicate something to others about things. Bühler described this relationship as a 'three-foundations scheme': oneself - to the other - about things (einer - dem anderen - über die Dinge).
Wikipedia: Organonm model   #491   		1934
Karl Fristonthree mindssensory inputinternal modelminimize surprise British neuroscientist Karl Friston introduced the free energy principle, a theoretical framework of active inference, according to which the brain reduces surprise or uncertainty by developing internal models for making predictions and responds to sensory input by updating the model or adjusting the environment.
Karl Friston, James Kilner, Lee Harrison. A free energy principle for the brain.   #33   		2006
Karl Fristonthree mindssensory evidenceprior beliefscontrol of balance British neuroscientist Karl Friston spoke in a podcast of relaxing maladaptive prior beliefs.
 This key balance between the precision afforded sensory evidence and the precision afforded your accumulated knowledge and wisdom and prior beliefs and narratives about how that sensory evidence should evolve, getting that balance right is absolutely crucial in health and in disease. And it may be the right control of that balance that undergirds all creative thinking and all artistic endeavors, just lateral thinking or seeing the world in a different way that allows somebody else to explore the hypotheses that entails a dissolution to a certain extent of the precision of your prior convictions.
Mitch Belkin, Daniel Belkin. Karl Friston: Schizophrenia, Autism, and the Free Energy Principle   #892   		2022
Karl Marxthree mindsconsumptionproductiondistribution and exchange German political economist Karl Marx, in Critique of Political Economy, distinguished the parts of a syllogism
  • production - the social point of departure, the general case, determined by laws of nature, whereby individual within and with the help of a definite social organisation appropriate nature, according to human requirements, with the mode of production giving rise to legal relations and political forms, whereby persons become objective, are themselves consumed as are the means of production
  • consumption - the ultimate goal, the individual case, where products become direct objects of use, subjective, serving individual needs, falling outside economy, except to stimulate production
  • distribution - the middle, the particular case, determined by random social factors, the portion of products accruing to the individual, actuated by society, mediated by social laws
  • exchange - the middle, the particular case, determined by a formal movement in society, the products which the individual claims, actuated by individuals
Karl Marx: A Contribution to the Critique of Political Economy.   #652   		1857
Karl Marx0-needs primitive communism, ancient, feudal, capitalist, communist
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historical_materialism   #735  
Karl Popperthree mindsnatural states and processesmental states and processesproducts of thought British philosopher Karl Popper lectured on the interactions of three realms
  • World 1: the realm of states and processes as studied by the natural sciences.
  • World 2: the realm of mental states and processes, human and animal, including sensations and thoughts, both conscious and unconscious.
  • World 3: the realm of the 'products of thought' when considered as objects in their own right, whether scientific theories, works of art, stories, myths, laws or institutions.
World 3 has a life of its own. Its objects are embodied in World 1 but interact with it only through World 2 as abstractions.
Wikipedia: Popper's three worlds
Karl Popper. Three Worlds.   #495   		1967
Keating foursome
Types of Thoughts: Keating   #282  
Ken Wilber0-foursome Ken Wilber
interior individual, interior collective, external individual, external collective
Wikipedia: Integral Theory: Four quadrants   #387  
Kent Peacock Kent Peacock distinguished three kinds of ecological fitness, which define survival in terms of interactions between organisms and environments. They are the abilities to:
  • compete,
  • cooperate,
  • construct,
Kent A. Peacock. The three faces of ecological fitness. Studies in History and Philosophy of Biological and Biomedical Sciences 42 (2011) 99-105   #358 ❤️LW   		2011
Keynes For the rationalist Keynes (Cambridge School), we want money for three reasons (e.g. General Theory, 1936): - for conducting transactions (”common currency for achieving personal and professional exchanges”), in everyday life, and then - for safety (necessity to store money waiting for a need), and finally- for reasons of speculation (”profit, better than the market, of a good know/edge or vision of what the future holds”)
https://www.e-c-o.net/wiki/uploads/Jean-PierreCaron-WhatIsMoney.pdf   #1104  
Kieran Egan0-three minds Kieran Egan: Mutually incompatible theories of education:
 to educate people in content that would give them a "privileged and rational view of reality"
 to realize the right of every individual to pursue his own educational curriculum through self-discovery
 to socialize and homogenize the child and ensure that they can fulfill a useful role in society, according to its values and beliefs
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Educated_Mind
The Educated Mind: How Cognitive Tools Shape Our Understanding   #737   		1997
Kieran Egan0-doubts kinds of understanding:
somatic - one's physical body
mythic - binary opposites
romantic - exploring the limits of reality
philosophic - the creation of explanatory principles
ironic - recognizing the inadequate flexibility of the mind
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Educated_Mind   #738   		1997
Kierkegaard twosome
Worship: Kierkegaard   #236  
knowledge managementfoursomedatainformation Nicholas Henry, an American scholar of public administration, distinguished
  • data, the raw facts that do not change us
  • information, the raw facts that do change us
Nicholas L. Henry. Knowledge Management: A New Concern for Public Administration. Public Administration Review. Vol. 34, No. 3 (May - Jun., 1974), pp. 189-196.   #57   		1974
knowledge management project, area, resource, archive
Forte Labs. The PARA Method: The Simple System for Organizing Your Digital Life in Seconds   #447  
Kurt Goedel0-threesome Incompleteness: Godel   #264  
Kurt Lewinthreesomeplanningactionfact-finding German Jewish American psychologist Kurt Lewin, the founder of social psychology, coined the term "action research", a comparative research on the conditions and effects of various forms of social action and research leading to social action. Action research uses the Lewinian spiral:
  ...a spiral of steps, each of which is composed of a circle of planning, action, and fact-finding about the result of the action
Wikipedia: Kurt Lewin
Kurt Lewin. Action Research and Minority Problems.   #256   		1946
Kurt Lewin0-three mindsfrozenchangingunfreezing and refreezing Unfreezing, changing, refreezing. Wikipedia: Organization development: Action research
Kurt Lewin. Group Decision and Social Change. p. 201.
Diagram relating the three minds and the threesome:
Rahul Awati. Unfreeze, Change, Refreeze (Kurt Lewin Change Management Model)   #257  
Kurt Schneiderthree mindshallucinationsdelusions German psychiatrist Kurt Schneider championed the diagnosis of schizophrenia not on the content of a symptom but on its form. He distinguished hallucinations and delusions.
  • Auditory hallucinations of voices repeating the subject's thoughts out loud, discussing the subject, discussing their the subject's thoughts as or before they occur, or commenting on the subject's thoughts or behavior.
  • Delusional experiences that normal perception has special significance or meaning, that ideas are entering the subject's thinking, that the subject's thinking is not private but accessible to others, external agents are inserting unusual thoughts into the subject's mind, removing thoughts from it, or taking over their will as regards their actions, sensations, bodily movements, emotions or thought processes.
Wikipedia: Kurt Schneider   #979   		1939
Kurt Vonnegut0-narratives Kurt Vonnegut story types
Man In Hole, Boy Meets Girl, Cinderella, From Bad to Worse, Good News/Bad News
Which Way Is Up? Creation Story, Old Testament, New Testament
Staci Troilo. Basic Plots: Vonnegut's Good News Bad News.
Stephen Johnson. Kurt Vonnegut on the 8 “shapes” of stories.   #888   		1947
L. Frank Baumthree mindsheartbraincourage American children's fantasy author L. Frank Baum wrote "The Wonderful Wizard of Oz". The hero, a Kansas farm girl Dorothy, is assisted by the Scarecrow, who wants a brain, the Tin Woodman, who wants a heart, and the Cowardly Lion, who wants courage.
Wikipedia: The Wonderful Wizard of Oz
L. Frank Baum. The Wonderful Wizard of Oz   #978   		1900
Laozi twosome
Virtue: Laozi   #237  
lawthree mindsdetermine factsformulate charges and present evidence for and againstensure neutrality throughout procedures The Magna Carta in England enshrined the right to a jury trial, where decision making is divided among
  • Prosecutors, who bring criminal charges, alleging a crime was committed, and present their evidence, which is countered by defense attorneys, who represent the defendant.
  • Jury, typically consisting of twelve peers, representing a cross-section of the public, which is a finder of fact, collectively evaluating the accuracy and completeness of testimony of witnesses and experts, comparing it with their personal knowledge and experience, determining the truth or falsity of factual allegations, and arriving at a unanimous verdict of innocent or guilty.
  • Judge, a neutral referee of the adversarial process, who rules on questions of law, determines what law applies to a particular set of facts, and decides the sentence.
Wikipedia: Jury
American Bar Association. How Courts Work.   #828   		1215
lawthree mindsexceptionrule "The exception proves the rule" is a saying that derives from the medieval Latin legal principle exceptio probat regulam in casibus non exceptis ("the exception tests the rule in the cases not excepted").
Wiktionary: Exception that proves the rule   #649   		1050
law twosome
forbidden, allowed
Wikipedia: Everything which is not forbidden   #413  
Lawrence Kohlberg0-needs Lawrence Kohlberg
obedience and punishment, self-interest, interpersonal accord and conformity, authority and social-order maintaining, social contract, universal ethical
Lawrence Kohlberg's stages of moral development   #419  
Lawrence Kohlberg Lawrence Kohlberg
pre-conventional, conventional, post-conventional
Lawrence Kohlberg's stages of moral development   #420  
Leibniz Lotze, Leibniz
esoteric, exoteric
Wikipedia: Hermann Lotze   #349  
Leon Festingerthree mindshabitnotice discrepancyreduce discrepancy by updating cognition or altering action American social psychologist Leon Festinger in A Theory of Cognitive Dissonance described how people feel mental unease when their habits or routines are disturbed. For example, a person may discover somebody else has taken the seat where they usually sit. The person alleviates this discomfort by adjusting either their actions or their beliefs to restore consistency.
Wikipedia: Cognitive dissonance   #722 ❤️LB   		1957
Leonard Bernstein0-three minds Leonard Bernstein added in his 1973 Norton Lectures, which borrowed its title from the Ives work, that the woodwinds are said to represent our human answers growing increasingly impatient and desperate, until they lose their meaning entirely. Meanwhile, right from the very beginning, the strings have been playing their own separate music, infinitely soft and slow and sustained, never changing, never growing louder or faster, never being affected in any way by that strange question-and-answer dialogue of the trumpet and the woodwinds.[18] Bernstein also talks about how the strings are playing tonal triads against the trumpet's non tonal phrase. In the end, when the trumpet asks the question for the last time, the strings "are quietly prolonging their pure G major triad into eternity".[19] This piece graphically represents the 20th century dichotomy of both tonal and atonal music occurring at the same time.
Wikipedia: The Unanswered Question   #838   		1973
Leonardo da Vincithree mindsheartbrain Italian genius Leonardo da Vinci wrote in his notebook
 Tears come from the heart not from the brain.
Leonardo Da Vinci S Note-Books Arranged And Rendered Into English   #1095   		1498
Lev Vygotsky Soviet psychologist Lev Vygotsky's posthumous book "Thinking and Speech" established the connection between speech and the development of mental concepts and awareness. Vygotsky described silent inner speech as being qualitatively different from verbal external speech, but both equally important. Vygotsky believed inner speech developed from external speech via a gradual process of "internalization" (i.e., transition from the external to the internal), with younger children only really able to "think out loud". He claimed that in its mature form, inner speech would not resemble spoken language as we know it (in particular, being greatly compressed). Hence, thought itself developed socially. Inner speech, according to Vygotsky, develops through the accumulation of long-term functional and structural changes. It branches off from the child's external speech along with the differentiation of the social and egocentric functions of speech, and, finally, the speech functions acquired by the child become the main functions of his thinking. In this work, Vygotsky points out the genesis of the development of thinking and speech and that the relationship between them is not a constant value.
  But since we wanted to express all this in one short formula, in one sentence, we might put it thus: if at the beginning of development there stands the act, independent of the word, then at the end of it there stands the word which becomes the act, the word which makes man's action free.
Wikipedia: Lev Vygotsky   #590   		1934
Lev Vygotskythree mindsknownnot knownteachable Litvak Soviet developmental psychologist Lev Vygotsky introduced the zone of proximal development (ZPD), which educators Anne West, Janet Swanson, Lindsay Liscomb described as follows.
 ZPD can also be described as the area between what a learner can do by himself and that which can be attained with the help of a ‘more knowledgeable other’ adult or peer. The ‘more knowledgeable other’, or MKO, shares knowledge with the student to bridge the gap between what is known and what is not known. Once the student has expanded his knowledge, the actual developmental level has been expanded and the ZPD has shifted. The ZPD is always changing as the student expands and gains knowledge, so scaffolded instruction must constantly be individualized to address the changing ZPD of each student.
Anne West, Janet Swanson, Lindsay Lipscomb. Scaffolding.
Wikipedia: Zone of proximal development
Wikipedia: Instructional scaffolding   #1127 ❤️Marcus Petz   		1931
Levi-Strauss twosome
Reality: Levi-Strauss   #207  
Library sciencethree mindsprinciple of least effort Guillaume Ferrero articulated the law of least effort. An information seeker will generally use the most convenient search method in the least exacting mode available.
Wikipedia: Principle of least effort   #15   		1894
Locke foursome
From Saying to Meaning: Locke   #281  
Locke twosome
Representation: Locke   #213  
Lois Isenmanthree mindsholism Cellular biologist Lois Isenman responded to Malcolm Gladwell's book Blink by arguing that the unconscious and its intuition result from its holism, drawing on all experience, rather than thin-slicing, its ability to focus on particularly relevant experience.
Lois Isenman. Understanding Unconscious Intelligence and Intuition: “Blink” and beyond   #112   		2013
Lois Isenmanthree mindsunconsciousconsciousattending to inner experience American cognitive scientist Lois Isenman authored "Understanding Intuition: A Journey In and Out of Science". She relates biological and cognitive mechanisms with first-person experience. She describes a fluid exchange between unconscious and conscious minds, where unconscious holistic intuition can be enhanced by attending to the subtleties of inner experience.
Lois Isenman with Matt Marble. The Hidden Present. The Blink of the Eye.   #113   		2018
Louis Sass Louis Sass Madness and Modernism: Insanity in the Light of Modern Art, Literature, and Thought   #597  
Luce Irigaray Irigaray employs three different modes in her investigations into the nature of gender, language, and identity: the analytic, the essayistic, and the lyrical poetic.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luce_Irigaray
Irigaray, Luce. (1992). Elemental passions   #794   		1992
Luce Irigaraythree mindsmothervirginprostitute Luce Irigaray, in Women on the Market, Chapter VIII of This Sex Which Is Not One, argues that Western society is based on men exchanging women (daughters become wives, mistresses, objects of desire). Women's natural qualities are their use value and society determines their exchange value, yielding three types of women.
  • mothers are all use value
  • virgins are all exchange value
  • prostitutes embody both use and exchange value
Wikipedia: Luc Irigaray
Luce Irigaray. This Sex Which Is Not One   #795   		1977
Luce Irigaraythree mindsnatureculturereconfiguration French feminist Luce Irigaray argued that since ancient times
  • women have been associated with nature, unthinking matter, the role of mother, supportive, non-subjective, sacrificed
  • men have been associated with culture, subjectivity, excluding women
  • reconfiguration of subjectivity by both men and women is required so that both understand themselves as belonging equally to nature and culture. Women must attain subjectivity, men must become more embodied. Means for this include mimesis (imitation - creatively appropriating existing models), novel language, utopian ideals, strengthening mother daughter relationships, exposing and demystifying negative views.
Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy: Luce Irigaray   #796   		1974
Lucy Weirthree mindsselfcontextobserver Environmental philosopher Lucy Weir relates our language about ecological systems (whether they tend towards an ideal or whether they are propelled by a challenge) with how we relate to what goes on in and around us, how we perceive and respond. She concludes:
 The capacity to step back and observe oneself in context is also the capacity to attune to the cooperative flow of energetic dissipation. One can come to a realisation that one’s sense of agency is illusory, but that one can nevertheless do what needs to be done, or, perhaps more accurately, one can take this observational stance to its logical conclusion and let love do what needs to be done.
Lucy Weir. Beginning with the Good of Systems, Philosophy as Practice in the Ecological Emergency.   #359   		2023
Lucy Weirtwosomeexternal situationattitude Philosopher Lucy Weir in Ireland highlights self-reflection in addressing the ecological emergency.
 The effort of becoming aware of what is going on, in and around us, while it is going on, changes not the external situation, but our own approach to the situation, but it is through shifting our own attitude that our interactions and impact shift.
Lucy Weir. Beginning with the Good of Systems, Philosophy as Practice in the Ecological Emergency.   #360   		2023
Lucy Weironesomeevolutionary matrix Lucy Weir, addressing the ecological emergency, treasures, within the universe, our planet's evolutionary matrix.
 There are conditions that are good for other organisms, just as there are conditions that are good for us, because they allow us to maintain the pattern of our existence. This pattern is inevitably temporary for any one individual, and no vortex is permanent, yet the continuance of the pattern forms the matrix within which we have evolved and survive. Our existence takes place within larger systems that self-maintain, and that therefore create and sustain the conditions upon which our own survival, personally, and as a species, depends. If we are the species that threatens to unravel the threads of this matrix of co-existence, it behoves us to at the very least become aware of what we are implicated in.
Lucy Weir. Beginning with the Good of Systems, Philosophy as Practice in the Ecological Emergency.   #361   		2023
Lucy Weirnullsomeenergy dissipation Lucy Weir, instructor of philosophy, yoga and meditation, considers the good as driving systems from behind rather than pulling them forwards.
 ...consider the image of systems being driven from behind, pushed to avoid their own annihilation, as a metaphor that better fits our current understanding of evolution and the laws of thermodynamics. ... energy dissipation across the universe, from a narrow base at a higher concentration to a less concentrated, much broader set of potential outcomes ... In universal terms, the dissipation of energy through graduated flows is neither beneficial nor harmful. Yet the universe would not exist at all if it were not for the activity that slows or reverses the second law of thermodynamics, albeit temporarily, by creating flux in the flow. In the local, planetary sense, this gradual dissipation of energy is ‘good for’ us, in the sense that it forms the foundation for our survival, giving us time to develop as a culturally sophisticated species with language, technology, and the ability to decide what to value.
Lucy Weir. Beginning with the Good of Systems, Philosophy as Practice in the Ecological Emergency.   #362   		2023
Ludwig Wittgenstein threesome
Fact, Sentence, Thought: Wittgenstein   #265  
Ludwig Wittgensteinthree mindsfactsthoughtstruth Austrian philosopher Ludwig Wittgenstein, in his Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus, elucidated seven theses comprising clear thinking.
 The book deals with the problems of philosophy and shows, as I believe, that the method of formulating these problems rests on the misunderstanding of the logic of our language. Its whole meaning could be summed up somewhat as follows: What can be said at all can be said clearly; and whereof one cannot speak thereof one must be silent.
  • 1. The world is all that is the case.
  • 2. What is the case—a fact—is the existence of states of affairs.
  • 3. A logical picture of facts is a thought.
  • 4. A thought is a proposition with sense.
  • 5. A proposition is a truth-function of elementary propositions. (An elementary proposition is a truth function of itself.)
  • 6. The general form of a truth-function is This is the general form of a proposition.
  • 7. Whereof one cannot speak, thereof one must be silent. What we cannot speak about we must pass over in silence.
Stanford. Ludwig Wittgenstein.
Ludwig Wittgenstein. Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus.   #902   		1921
Ludwig Wittgenstein 1logical form logical form
Ludwig Wittgenstein 1
Wikipedia: Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus   #519  
Ludwig Wittgenstein 2 description
Ludwig Wittgenstein 2
Wikipedia: Ludwig Wittgenstein   #517  
Maharishi Mahesh Yogi Seven levels of consciousness: (i) deep sleep; (ii) dreaming; (iii) waking; (iv) transcendental consciousness; (v) cosmic consciousness; (vi) God consciousness; and, (vii) unity consciousness
Wikipedia: Transcendental Meditation   #575  
Malcolm Gladwellsalesmannetworkermaven threesome
Malcolm Gladwell
maven, networker, salesman   #337  
Malcolm Gladwellthree mindsthin-sliceanalysis paralysis Canadian journalist Malcolm Gladwell wrote a popular book, Blink, about the adaptive unconscious and its ability to thin-slice, to rapidly, automatically, spontaneously yield conclusions based on scarce information, as occurs with expert judgment but also with prejudice and stereotyping. He compares this with conscious analysis, which can end up including extraneous information, leading to analysis paralysis.
Wikipedia: Blink: The Power of Thinking Without Thinking   #111   		2005
managementfoursomeknow-nothingknow-whatknow-howknow-why Czech-American economist Milan Zelenyi, professor of management systems, identified
  • data as know-nothing
  • information as know-what
  • knowledge as know-how
  • wisdom as know-why
Wikipedia: DIKW pyramid
  Zeleny, Milan. "Management Support Systems: Towards Integrated Knowledge Management". Human Systems Management. 7 (1): 59–70. 1987.   #58   		1987
management psychology foursome
unconscious incompetence, conscious incompetence, conscious competence, unconscious competence
Wikipedia: Four stages of competence   #397  
Manfred Max-Neef Manfred Max-Neef distinguishes four kinds of existential needs
being, having, doing, interacting
Wikipedia: Manfred Max-Neef's Fundamental human needs   #1076  
Manfred Max-Neef needs have to be satisfied within three contexts: (a) in relation to oneself (Eigenwelt); (b) in relation to the social group (Mitwelt); and (c) with respect to the environment (Umwelt).
Wikipedia: Manfred Max-Neef's Fudnamental human needs   #1082  
Manfred Max-Neef0-needs Subsistence, protection, affection, understanding, participation, idleness, creation, identity, freedom
Wikipedia: Manfred Max-Neef's Fundamental human needs   #1084   		1986
Marcel twosome
Reflections: Marcel   #225  
Marco Del Giudice0-three minds Marco Del Giudice. Gender Differences in Personality and Social Behavior   #154   2015
Marcus Petz0-three minds Science, Art, Design Science
4.2 Integral Science Epistemologically, humans perceive reality or nature from different positions. To think as an artist, or scientist, or design scientist (designer) is not neutral, but contains a standpoint and thus a philosophical position. Cf. Harding (1998) for more on standpoint epistemology and science. The presence of these varied standpoints becomes clear upon reading texts produced by practitioners or talking with those self-describing as scientists, artists, or designers.
In my relational ontology, we can think of different domains in how we approach the world. These domains include science, art, design science, though others can be considered, e.g., spirituality. It is possible to operate in a way that is inclusive of these different domains. You can have a religious artist, for example. Thinking in terms of domains is not common. The inter-domain approach can be seen in the way of Leonardo da Vinci called saper vedere (knowing how to see) (Gelb, 1998). “To develop a complete mind: Study the science of art; Study the art of science. Learn how to see. Realize that everything connects to everything else.” Is a quote attributed to Leonardo that summarizes this idea (Pasipoularides, 2019; Kinsman, 1989), though I can find no original source of Leonardo writing or reported as saying exactly these words in any language. For more on da Vinci’s approach, see his Note books (2020 [1883]), and A Treatise on Painting (2014 [1802]).
Marcus Petz. Community Currencies: A Mechanism for Rural Renaissance, Promise and Practicalities. Pg.103.   #1088 ❤️Marcus Petz   		2023
Margaret Thatcher0-three mindshistoryphilosophy Margaret Thatcher is “Europe was created by history. America was created by philosophy.” Americans and Europeans alike sometimes forget how unique is the United States of America. No other nation has been created so swiftly and successfully. No other nation has been built upon an idea—the idea of liberty. No other nation has so successfully combined people of different races and nations within a single culture. Both the founding fathers of the United [end p22] States and successive waves of immigrants to your country were determined to create a new identity. Whether in flight from persecution or from poverty, the huddled masses have, with few exceptions, welcomed American values, the American way of life and American opportunities. And America herself has bound them to her with powerful bonds of patriotism and pride.
The European nations are not and can never be like this. They are the product of history and not of philosophy. You can construct a nation on an idea; but you cannot reconstruct a nation on the basis of one.
Political institutions cannot be imposed if they are to endure. They have to evolve and they have to command the affection, loyalty and respect of populations living under them, and they have to be accountable to the people.
Margaret Thatcher. Speech at Hoover Institution Lunch.   #1062   		1991
Margaret Thatcher0-nullsome Margaret Thatcher
Being powerful is like being a lady. If you have to tell people you are, you aren't.
  #1063  
Margaret Thatcher0-three mindsdoingsaying Margaret Thatcher.
If you want something said, ask a man. If you want something done, ask a woman.
https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0857137/quotes/   #1064  
Margaret Thatcher0-threesomebeingdoing Margaret Thatcher
“It used to be about trying to do something. Now it's about trying to be someone.”   #1066  
Mark Rowlands As described by Mark Rowlands, mental processes are:
Embodied involving more than the brain, including a more general involvement of bodily structures and processes.
Embedded functioning only in a related external environment.
Enacted involving not only neural processes, but also things an organism does.
Extended into the organism's environment.
Wikipedia: Enactivism
Mark Rowlands. Chapter 3: The mind embedded §5 The mind enacted". The new science of the mind: From extended mind to embodied phenomenology.   #478   		2010
marketing sales three whys: why do anything? why you? why now?   #167  
marketing Sales Success: The Rule of Three. Mark Berrafato. Do what's best for my customers. Do what's right for my company. Stay true to the values and ethics that define me - always!   #168  
marketings Chris Meyers. The Best Dealmakers Know That Every Deal Dies Three Times Before It Closes. 1.Common misunderstandings. 2.Bad timing or a lack of urgency. 3.Disagreements over the details.   #169  
Marsha M. Linehanthree mindsemotionalreasonablewise American pscyhologist Marsha M. Linehan developed Dialectical behavior therapy for personality disorders and interpersonal conflicts by integrating two concepts important for happy and meaningful lives: "accept things as they are" and "change is necessary". The goal is to achieve a wise mind (knowledge, experience, common sense) which synthesizes the rational mind (facts and logic are in control without emotions, such as love) and the emotional mind (emotions control thinking and behavior without reason).
Wikipedia: Marsha M. Linehan
Wikipedia: Dialectical behavior therapy
Marsha M. Linehan. Building a Life Worth Living   #682   		1986
Marshall MacLuhanthree mindsrecent pastnew situation Canadian media theorist Marshall McLuhan and American graphic designer Quentin Fiore collaborated in a visual portrayal of the effects of various media on the human sensorium, the whole of human perception.
 The past went that a-way. When faced with a totally new situation, we tend always to attach ourselves to the objects, to the flavor of the most recent past. We look at the present through a rear-view mirror. We march backwards into the future. Suburbia lives imaginatively in Bonanza-land.
Marshall McLuhan, Questin Fiore. The Medium Is the Massage: An Inventory of Effects.   #940   		1967
Martin Heideggerfoursomecausa materialiscausa formaliscausa efficienscausa finalis Martin Heidegger, in "The Question Concerning Technology", echoed Aristotle's fourfold causality, distinguishing
  • causa materialis, the material, the matter out of which something is made
  • causa formalis, the form, the shape into which the material enters
  • causa finalis, the end, in relation to which the thing required is determined as to its form and matter
  • causa efficiens, which brings about the effect that is the finished thing
The Question Concerning Technology   #50   		1954
Martin Heideggerbeing and oughtbeing and seemingbeing and becomingbeing and thinking Heidegger's book "Introduction to Metaphysics" describes four conceptions of the twosome in terms of being.
  • Being and Thinking
  • Being and Becoming
  • Being and Seeming
  • Being and Ought
Wikipedia: Introduction to Metaphysics (Heidegger book)   #204   		1935
Martin Hollis top-down vs. bottom up, objective vs. subjective
Martin Hollis. The philosophy of social science: an introduction.   #827   		1994
Martin Hollis Martin Hollis
agents, actors, systems, games
James Moody. Class 2: Epistemological & Methodological Foundations for Social Theory.   #399   		2007
Mary Shelleythree mindsfaintattackhear out English author Mary Shelley, in her science fiction novel "Frankenstein; or, The Modern Prometheus", has her monster place his hopes in a lovely family, which has persisted through injustice, hardship and poverty.
  • The blind father hears him out, impartially, understandingly, compassionately.
  • The daughter faints at the sight of him.
  • The son attacks him, boldly, mercilessly.
Mary Wollstonecraft (Godwin) Shelley. Frankenstein; or, the Modern Prometheus.   #891   		1818
Mary Shelleythree mindsconceptionexecutiondedication Mary Shelley's hero Victor Frankenstein reflects, at the end of his life.
 I believed myself destined for some great enterprise. My feelings are profound, but I possessed a coolness of judgment that fitted me for illustrious achievements. This sentiment of the worth of my nature supported me when others would have been oppressed, for I deemed it criminal to throw away in useless grief those talents that might be useful to my fellow creatures. When I reflected on the work I had completed, no less a one than the creation of a sensitive and rational animal, I could not rank myself with the herd of common projectors.
 My imagination was vivid, yet my powers of analysis and application were intense; by the union of these qualities I conceived the idea and executed the creation of a man.
Mary Wollstonecraft (Godwin) Shelley. Frankenstein; or, the Modern Prometheus.   #904   		1818
Mary Shelleythree mindsexcess feelingexcess intellectexcess ambition 18-year old Mary Shelley conceived the novel Frankenstein, in which she juxtaposes the lonely inner lives of Victor Frankenstein, the monster he creates, and the captain who hears their story.
  • Victor Frankenstein is sentimental but secludes himself in his laboratory, obsessed with his work.
  • His monster reads and reflects on Milton, Goethe and Plutarch, but seethes with emotions he has no one to share with.
  • Captain R.Walton longs for a friend who would understand, appreciate, encourage, share and revel in his ambitions.
Mary Wollstonecraft (Godwin) Shelley. Frankenstein; or, the Modern Prometheus.   #906   		1818
Mary Wollstonecraftthree mindsweaknessstrength British author Mary Wollstonecraft, active in public discourse inspired by the French Revolution, championed the education of women.
 My own sex, I hope, will excuse me, if I treat them like rational creatures, instead of flattering their FASCINATING graces, and viewing them as if they were in a state of perpetual childhood, unable to stand alone. I earnestly wish to point out in what true dignity and human happiness consists—I wish to persuade women to endeavour to acquire strength, both of mind and body, and to convince them, that the soft phrases, susceptibility of heart, delicacy of sentiment, and refinement of taste, are almost synonymous with epithets of weakness, and that those beings who are only the objects of pity and that kind of love, which has been termed its sister, will soon become objects of contempt.
Mary Wollstonecraft. A Vindication of the Rights of Woman: with Strictures on Political and Moral Subjects.
Wikipedia: A Vindication of the Rights of Woman   #704   		1792
Mary Wollstonecraftthree mindsknowledgereasonvirtue British activist Mary Wollstonecraft appealed to reason in arguing for the education of women as rational companions to men.
  • In what does man's pre-eminence over the brute creation consist? The answer is as clear as that a half is less than the whole; in Reason.
  • What acquirement exalts one being above another? Virtue; we spontaneously reply.
  • For what purpose were the passions implanted? That man by struggling with them might attain a degree of knowledge denied to the brutes: whispers Experience.
  Consequently the perfection of our nature and capability of happiness, must be estimated by the degree of reason, virtue, and knowledge, that distinguish the individual, and direct the laws which bind society: and that from the exercise of reason, knowledge and virtue naturally flow, is equally undeniable, if mankind be viewed collectively.
  ...yet such deeply rooted prejudices have clouded reason, and such spurious qualities have assumed the name of virtues, that it is necessary to pursue the course of reason as it has been perplexed and involved in error...
  Contending for the rights of women, my main argument is built on this simple principle, that if she be not prepared by education to become the companion of man, she will stop the progress of knowledge, for truth must be common to all, or it will be inefficacious with respect to its influence on general practice. And how can woman be expected to co-operate, unless she know why she ought to be virtuous? Unless freedom strengthen her reason till she comprehend her duty, and see in what manner it is connected with her real good? If children are to be educated to understand the true principle of patriotism, their mother must be a patriot; and the love of mankind, from which an orderly train of virtues spring, can only be produced by considering the moral and civil interest of mankind; but the education and situation of woman, at present, shuts her out from such investigations.
Mary Wollstonecraft. A Vindication of the Rights of Woman: with Strictures on Political and Moral Subjects.
Wikipedia: A Vindication of the Rights of Woman   #705   		1792
math0-threesome Wikipedia: Jacobi identity   #1000   1862
math0-threesome The definition of a crowd makes use of a three-cycle. In particular, for a group, abc=1 implies that cab=1 and bca=1. Oliver Lorscheid, Koen Thas. Towards the horizons of Tits's vision -- on band schemes, crowds and F1-structures.   #1001   2023
mathematics foursome
Degrees of Unsolvability: Turing Machines. Arithmetic hierarchy. Yates Index Set Theorem.   #288  
mathematicsfoursomepostpending identity arrowarrowprepending arrowextracting arrow Japanese mathematician Nobuo Yoneda is known for the Yoneda lemma, the fundamental theorem of category theory. A special case is the Yoneda embedding Hom(A,B) ≅ Hom(Hom(B,_),Hom(A,_)) which relates
  • Hom(A,B) arrows from object A to object B
  • Hom(Hom(B,_),Hom(A,_)) ways of transforming an arrow from B to X into an arrow from A to X by prepending an arrow from A to B
  • the trivial postpending of an identity arrow from B to B, yielding the arrow from A to B
  • the extracting of an arrow from A to B from all arrows that extend it from A to X by way of all relationships from B to X, which is to say, A to B is known by all of its friends A to B to X
Andrius Kulikauskas. The Yoneda Embedding Expresses Whether, What, How, Why.   #325   		1955
Mathematicsfoursomeinsertioninjectionsurjectioncollapse French mathematician Évariste Galois developed the notions of normal group N, quotient group Q, solvable group and with them, the extension problem of what groups G are extensions of N by Q. In modern terminology, the extension problem is described by a short exact sequence, consisting of four group homomorphisms, where the image of one homomorphism is the kernel of the next homomorphism.
  • e:1→N is the insertion of the trivial group 1 into N
  • f:N→G is an injection from N into G
  • g:G→Q is a surjection from G into Q
  • h:Q→1 is the collapse of Q into the trivial group 1
Wikipedia: Group extension
Wikipedia: Évariste Galois   #592   		1832
mathematicsthree mindsfiberbase spacetotal space Algebraic topologists Herbert Seifert, Heinz Hopf, Jacques Feldbau, Whitney, Norman Steenrod, Charles Ehresmann, Jean-Pierre Serre and others developed the theory of fibered spaces. A total space (such as a cylinder) is understood as a collection of fibers (in this case, line segments) organized by a base space (a disc). Locally, the total space appears to be simply the product of the fibers and the base space (close up, the surface of the cylinder is flat). However, globally, the fibers may twist around in nontrivial ways that, yielding sophisticated structures which are not simply products. The line segments can be twisted uniformally to yield not a cylinder but rather a Mobius strip. The cylinder has two distinct sides (inside and outside) but the Mobius strip does not (it is not orientable).
Wikipedia: Fiber bundle.   #1114   		1935
mathematics0-threesome Parallel transport on a triangle on a surface indicates curvature, functions like a three-cycle.
&emspIn 1869, Christoffel discovered that the components of the intrinsic derivative of a vector field, upon changing the coordinate system, transform as the components of a contravariant vector. This discovery was the real beginning of tensor analysis.
 In differential geometry, parallel transport (or parallel translation[a]) is a way of transporting geometrical data along smooth curves in a manifold. If the manifold is equipped with an affine connection (a covariant derivative or connection on the tangent bundle), then this connection allows one to transport vectors of the manifold along curves so that they stay parallel with respect to the connection. The parallel transport for a connection thus supplies a way of, in some sense, moving the local geometry of a manifold along a curve: that is, of connecting the geometries of nearby points. There may be many notions of parallel transport available, but a specification of one way of connecting up the geometries of points on a curve is tantamount to providing a connection. In fact, the usual notion of connection is the infinitesimal analog of parallel transport. Or, vice versa, parallel transport is the local realization of a connection.
In Riemannian or pseudo-Riemannian geometry (in particular the Lorentzian geometry of general relativity), the Levi-Civita connection is the unique affine connection on the tangent bundle of a manifold that preserves the (pseudo-)Riemannian metric and is torsion-free. The fundamental theorem of Riemannian geometry states that there is a unique connection that satisfies these properties.
Wikipedia: Parallel transport

Wikipedia: Fundamental theorem of Riemannian geometry   #1138  
mathematics0-foursomepointfiberbase spacetotal space Is there a point? Answered in the scope of nothing, the point.
What is the point? Answered in the scope of something, the fiber.
How is the point? Answered in the scope of anything, the base space.
Why is the point? Answered in the scope of everything, the total space.
  #1149  
mathematicsthree mindsaffine spacessetssingletons Californian logician Steven Givant classified nontrivial free varieties. Their models are:
  • affine spaces over D
  • pointed affine spaces over D
  • sets
  • pointed sets
where D is a chosen division ring. Pointed affine spaces are the same as vector spaces. The trivial varieties are:
  • singletons (sets with one element)
  • the empty set and singletons
John Baez. Re: Open problems in category theory.
John Baez. Total Freedom.
Tom Leinster. Re: Total Freedom.
Steve Givant. Universal Horn Classes Categorical Or Free In Power.
Keith A. Kearnes, Emil W. Kiss and Agnes Szendrei, Varieties whose finitely generated members are free.
Ivan Di Liberti. Givant, Morley, Zilber.   #894